Favorit Optionen Strategien

10 2 (Zehn plus zwei) Direkte Anweisung Variation, wo der Lehrer für zehn Minuten präsentiert, Studenten teilen und für zwei Minuten zu reflektieren, dann der Zyklus wiederholt. 1. TRIP (First TRIP) Eine Lesestrategie bestehend aus: Titel, Beziehungen, Absicht von Fragen, Setzen Sie in Perspektive. 3-2-1 (Drei-Zwei-Eins) Schreib-Aktivität, wo die Schüler schreiben: 3 Schlüsselbegriffe aus dem, was sie gerade gelernt haben, 2 Ideen, die sie mehr über lernen möchten, und 1 Konzept oder Geschick sie denken, dass sie gemeistert haben. 5 1 (Five Plus One) Direkte Anweisung Variation, wo der Lehrer für fünf Minuten präsentiert, Studenten teilen und für eine Minute zu reflektieren, dann der Zyklus wiederholt. A-B-C Zusammenfassung Eine Form der Überprüfung, in der jeder Schüler in einer Klasse einen anderen Buchstaben des Alphabets zugewiesen wird, und sie müssen ein Wort auswählen, das mit dem Buchstaben beginnt, der mit dem zu untersuchenden Thema zusammenhängt. Absentee Management Zusätzlich zur Aufnahme und Berichterstattung Schüler Abwesenheiten nach ihren eigenen Schulregeln, können Lehrer auch Strategien zur Förderung der Schüler zu besuchen regelmäßig besuchen. Eine Annäherung ist, Eltern während des Abends zu benennen, sobald der Kursteilnehmer einen Tag der Schule vermisst. Dieser Anruf kann auch verwendet werden, um es dem Lehrer zu ermöglichen, die Eltern besser kennenzulernen und Informationen zu sammeln, die bei der Vorbereitung von Make-up-Materialien für das Kind verwendet werden sollen. Abstraktion Eine Denkfähigkeit, die das Zusammenfassen und Umwandeln realer Ereignisse oder Ideen in Modelle beinhaltet. Akademische Unehrlichkeitsklärung Alle Aktivitäten, durch die der Lehrer dem Schüler erklärt, was akademische Unehrlichkeit für eine bestimmte Klasse darstellt. Eine Klarstellung ist notwendig, weil verschiedene Formen der Zusammenarbeit in verschiedenen Klassen erlaubt sind und für verschiedene Aktivitäten und unterschiedliche Kopienqualitäten aus Quellen in verschiedenen Klassen und in verschiedenen Klassenstufen erlaubt sind. Beschleunigtes Lesen Ein kommerziell erzeugtes Leseprogramm, das Quizzes enthält, die über Computer und Schülerauswahl von Büchern verwaltet werden. Akronym Memory-Methode Beispiel: ROY G. BIV Rot, Orange, Gelb, Grün, Blau, Indigo, Violett Akronyme Act It Out Act It Out: Dramatisieren von Geschichten aus asiatisch-amerikanischen Kulturen Ausarbeitung eines Problems Die Schüler können mathematisch, wissenschaftlich oder sozial handeln Probleme, ihr Verständnis zu verbessern. Aktionsprojekte Ein Projekt, bei dem Ideen aus der Forschung erprobt und in einer realen Situation angewendet werden. Aktionsforschung - NCREL Aktivierung von Vorkenntnissen Hilfestellung für Lernende, sich mit Konzepten auseinanderzusetzen, die durch die Nutzung von Tätigkeiten gelehrt werden sollen, die das bestehende Wissen bestimmen oder bestimmen. Aktives Lernen Jeder Ansatz, der die Lernenden durch die Anpassung der Lerninteressen, des Verstehens und der Entwicklungsebene anspricht. Oft beinhaltet praktische und authentische Aktivitäten. Adaptive Lernumgebungen Modell (ALEM) Kombination von individuellen und ganzen Klassenansatz, der hilft, Schüler mit speziellen Bedürfnissen in das Klassenzimmer zu integrieren. Adaptive Scheduling Niemand will einen Test am Morgen nach Abschlussballnacht oder dem großen Fußballspiel nehmen. Bei der Planung von Prüfungen, fragen Sie die Schüler für Vorschläge, was wäre gute Tage und welche Tage sind bereits voll mit anderen Aktivitäten. Einige Schulen halten drei Monate Kalender im Büro zu lassen Lehrer im Voraus wissen, wenn große Aktivitäten kommen und zu ermöglichen, adaptive Scheduling von Tests und Aktivitäten. Adaptive Testing Zugeben SlipsExit Slips Lehrer hilft bei der Synthese des Lernens durch das Lesen anonymer Schüler Schriften laut zu Beginn oder Ende einer Klasse. Advance Organizer David Ausubels Richtlinien für eine abstrakte Einführung. Entwickelt, um Vorkenntnisse zu aktivieren und den Schülern zu mehr Lernbereitschaft zu verhelfen. Vorteile Nachteile Ein zweispaltiger Grafikorganizer. So wollen Sie Präsidenten Vorteile Nachteile (PDF) Affinität Ein Brainstorming-Ansatz, der weniger verbale Mitglieder einer Gruppe zu beteiligen ermutigt. Zuerst schreiben alle Mitglieder der Gruppe Antworten auf das Problem oder die Frage auf separaten Karten, dann werden die Karten schweigend von jedem Mitglied gruppiert, während die anderen beobachten. Nach einer Diskussion wird die vereinbarte Vereinbarung als Umriß oder Diagramm aufgezeichnet. Affirmations-Technik für die Motivation der Schüler, indem sie ihnen glauben, sie können Dinge tun. Agenda AGO (Ziele, Ziele, Ziele) Edward de Bonos Strategie, um den Schülern dabei zu helfen, die Gründe für Aktionen zu analysieren. AgreeDisagree Matrix Ein formaler Ansatz, um Fragen zu diskutieren und zu erforschen. Die Schüler werden nach Vereinbarung oder Nichtübereinstimmung mit einer Aussage abgefragt und ihre Antworten als Gruppe werden in der Matrix aufgezeichnet. Studenten recherchieren das Thema, und wieder werden ihre Antworten aufgezeichnet. Schließlich kleine Gruppen zu treffen, um die Ergebnisse und Änderungen zu diskutieren. Vereinbarungskreise Verwendet, um Meinungen zu erforschen. Wenn die Schüler in einem Kreis stehen und sich gegenüberstehen, gibt der Lehrer eine Erklärung ab. Schüler, die mit der Aussage einverstanden sind, treten in den Kreis. AIDA (Analyse interaktiver Entscheidungsbereiche) Kreativitätstechnik. Analyse der interaktiven Entscheidungsbereiche (AIDA) Ziele, Ziele, Ziele (AGO) Die Strategie von Edward de Bonos, den Schülern dabei zu helfen, die Gründe für Aktionen zu analysieren. Air Drawing Studenten zeichnen oder Bewegung in der Luft zu demonstrieren, wie sie ein Verfahren durchführen, bevor sie tatsächlich tun. Einsatz in wissenschaftlichen Labors, Hauswirtschaft und Klassen, in denen Studenten Werkzeuge oder Musikinstrumente verwenden. ALEM (Adaptives Lernumgebungsmodell) Kombination von Einzel - und Ganzklassenansätzen, mit denen Schüler mit speziellen Bedürfnissen in den Unterricht integriert werden können. Alphabet Zusammenfassung Jeder Schüler wird einem anderen Buchstaben des Alphabets zugeordnet und gebeten, ein Wort zu erzeugen, das mit dem Buchstaben beginnt, der mit dem zu behandelnden Thema zusammenhängt. Studenten teilen ihre Bedingungen mit der Klasse. Alphabetische Nahrungsmittel Teams Brainstorm die Namen von 26 Lebensmitteln (Apfel, Brot, etc.). Ein Papier wird innerhalb der Gruppe übergeben und Personen schreiben entsprechende Namen in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. Kann an andere Kategorien angepasst werden (Autoren, Städte usw.). Alternative Assessments Jede einer Vielzahl von Assessments, die Lehrer zu bewerten, ihre Schüler verstehen oder Leistung. Beispiele sind: Leistungsbeurteilungen, Portfolios, Zeitschriften und authentische Bewertungen. Alternative Assessment - NCREL Alternative Szenarien Eine Kreativitätsmethode, bei der Studenten alternative Futures betrachten. Nützlich im Schreiben, um die Schüler zu ermutigen, mehrere Grundstücke und Endungen für ihre Geschichten zu betrachten, bevor sie sich niederzulassen, um zu schreiben. In sozialwissenschaftlichen oder naturwissenschaftlichen Fächern kann dieser Ansatz hilfreich sein, um den Studierenden dabei zu helfen, die Möglichkeiten sowohl für die Gegenwart als auch für ihre eigenen Zukunft zu sehen. Alternative Szenarien Alternative zu Rezitation Ähnlich wie die Rezitation, aber die Fragen werden von den Studenten generiert. In der Regel enthalten. Vorbereitung (Studierende lesen und generieren Fragen), Review, Quiz und Evaluation. Analogien Ein Denkvermögen, das von einem Studenten demonstriert wird, wenn er Beispiele ähnlich, aber nicht identisch mit einem Zielbeispiel geben kann. Zum Beispiel ist das Internet analog zur Post (weil in beiden, Multimedia-Informationen an bestimmte Adressen geliefert wird). Analysen der interaktiven Entscheidungsbereiche (AIDA) Kreativitätstechnik. Analyse von interaktiven Entscheidungsfeldern (AIDA) Analytische Trait Scoring Analysieren von Perspektiven Ein Denkvermögen, das die Betrachtung eines Problems oder Themas aus verschiedenen Perspektiven beinhaltet. Im Zusammenhang mit Point of View. Anchored Instruction Eine Form von Konstruktivismus, wo das Lernen an die Studenten realen Welt Anker (wie soziale oder berufliche Erfahrungen) gebunden ist. Anchored Instruction - John Bransford der CTGV Andragogie Instruktionstheorie von Malcolm S. Knowles Umgang mit der Psychologie und besonderen Bedürfnissen der erwachsenen Lernenden. Andragogie (M. Knowles) Anekdoten Eine motivierende Technik zur Förderung der Kreativität oder Empathie Studenten. Anekdoten können über das Leben der Lehrer oder aus Biografien entnommen werden, um den Schülern dabei zu helfen, reale Beziehungen zu knüpfen. Ankündigungen Anonyme Abstimmung AnticipationPrediction Anticipation Guide Checkliste geschrieben von Lehrer, um vorhandenes Wissen zu aktivieren. Beispiele für Anticipation Guides Application Cards Am Ende des Unterrichts schreiben die Schüler eine echte Welt Anwendung für das Wissen auf einer kleinen Karte und legt die Karte an den Lehrer. Anwendungslehre Ein konstruktivistischer Ansatz konzentriert sich auf Aktivitäten, die ein Lernen beinhalten, das von grundlegenderen Ideen zu komplexer wird. Die von den Studierenden erwarteten Produkte werden vom Lehrer bestimmt. Angewandte Verhaltensanalyse Zum Zweck der Änderung der Schüler-oder Klassenverhalten Applied Imagination Technik, um Kreativität zu stimulieren. Enthält die Verwendung von Fragen als Eingabeaufforderungen, um Menschen zu ermöglichen, viele, scheinbar unabhängige Optionen zu berücksichtigen. Lehrlingsausbildung Studenten arbeiten am Arbeitsplatz unter der Leitung von Mentoren oder Tutoren, die die Verantwortung für die berufliche Entwicklung ihrer Auszubildenden übernehmen. Jugendlehre Argument Papier Art der Schrift, die eine These präsentiert, dann unterstützt, dass These mit Beweis oder Beweis. Argument-Tabelle Eine Tabelle, die verwendet wird, um logische Anweisungen zu organisieren. Wird in der Lehre Logik in der Geometrie und in expository Schreiben Klassen. Artefakt-Strategie Der Lehrer präsentiert sorgfältig ausgewählte Objekte (Artefakte) für die Schüler, stellt ein Problem dar und ermöglicht es den Schülern, Informationen über das Objekt zu sammeln und dann Antworten auf das präsentierte Problem zu formulieren. Versammlungen Meetings großer Gruppen, in der Regel eine ganze Studentenschaft, um künftige Ereignisse zu beschreiben, Werte zu teilen und Leistung zu erkennen. Verknüpfungen Konzepte finden oder herstellen. Annahme Smashing List Annahmen, dann beseitigen. Was kann passieren (zB Alle Transportformen sind jetzt frei, was ist der Effekt auf die Gesellschaft) Annahme Surfacing Kreativität Technik. Assumption surface asynchrone Lernattribute Listing-Attribute von Konzepten. Attributliste (und - varianten) Audiokassetten Pädagogische Audiokassetten werden meist in Sprach - und Musikklassen eingesetzt, sind aber auch in Sozial-, Sport - und Vokabulargebieten in vielen Bereichen nützlich. Audio-Visuals Enthält viele Kategorien von Unterrichtsmaterialien wie Poster, Gemälde, Dias, Videos, Filme, Tonbänder und Videobänder. Authentic Assessment Authentic Assessment Toolbox Authentische Anweisung Anweisung, die für Studenten sinnvoll ist. Konzentriert sich auf höheres Denken, Tiefe des Wissens, Anwendungen in der realen Welt und soziale Interaktionen. Schreiben eine große authentische Aufgabe Authentische Aufgaben Authentische Task-Design Authentische Aufgabe Authentische Assessment Toolbox Authentische Fragen Fragen, die von Lernenden in Reaktion auf natürliche Neugier auf den Inhalt. Fragen, die spontan von den Lernenden gestellt werden, ohne von Lehrern verlangt zu werden. Authentische Aufgabe Schreiben einer großen authentischen Aufgabe Authentische Aufgaben Authentische Task-Design Authentische Aufgabe Autoren Stuhl Die Studenten sitzen in einem Stuhl an der Vorderseite der Klasse und präsentieren ihre Arbeit an die Klasse. Autobiographien Studierende können ihre Lebensgeschichten als schriftliche Tätigkeit schreiben oder das Leben von prominenten Leuten durch das Lesen veröffentlichter Autobiographien erforschen. Biographien und Autobiographien: Lebensmodelle im Klassenzimmer Die Autobiographie von Anything Autopsies Awards Jeder greifbare Gegenstand, der den Schülern gegeben wird, um positives Verhalten oder Leistung zu belohnen. Kann Zertifikate, Plaketten, Trophäen oder Bänder enthalten. Zurück Worte Rückwärts Vorwärts Planung Kreativität Technik. Rückwärts Vorwärts Planung Rückwärts Tag Rückwärts Tag Rückwärts Rechtschreibung Bag-It Spiel mit Manipulationen zur Verstärkung mnemotechnischen Ansatzes. Baggage Claim Mitglieder in einer neuen Gruppe werden gebeten, fünf interessante Fakten über sich selbst auf einer Karte zu schreiben. Für einige Minuten gehen Leute um den Raum, stellen sich vor und teilen die Tatsachen auf ihren Karten. Sie tauschen dann Karten (Gepäck) und bewegen sich, um sich anderen in der Gruppe vorzustellen. Wenn die Zeit abgelaufen ist, sammelt der Lehrer oder Moderator alle Karten und gibt sie entweder an ihre Besitzer zurück, oder liest die Tatsachen und bittet die Leute, den Besitzer der Karte (Gepäck) zu identifizieren. Bar Graph Barrier-Übung Basadur Simplex Eine Problemlösungsstrategie. Zu den Schritten gehören: Problemfindung, Faktenfindung, Problemdefinition, Ideenfindung, Evaluation und Auswahl, Handlungsplanung, Akzeptanz und Handeln. Mind Tools - Simplex - ein leistungsstarke integrierte Problem-Solving Process Basket Stories Basketball Review Spiel Wie man die Basketball Review Spiel spielen Basketball Review Spiel Hier David B. Elliss Methode für die Fokussierung Schüler Aufmerksamkeit, wenn es beginnt, von der Aufgabe zu handeln beginnt. Beach-Ball-Fragen Eisbrecher Beachball-Bienen Vorher Nachher Vorher, Während und Nach Ein metakognitiver Ansatz zum Lesen, dass die Schüler leitet, um Text zu erforschen Vor dem Lesen, um Vorkenntnisse zu aktivieren, überwachen das Verständnis beim Lesen und fassen die Lesung Nach dem Lesen. Vor, während und nach - NCREL Behavioral Observations Messen von Studenten Aktionen mit formellen oder informellen Methoden. Behavioristische Modelle Basiert auf der Philosophie, dass Lernen eine Veränderung im Verhalten ist. Schülerverhalten, die belohnt werden, werden wiederholt. Verstöße, die bestraft oder ignoriert werden, werden abnehmen. Modell betont die Bedeutung der Umwelt beim Lernen und behandelt die Schüler als eine unerkennbare Black Box. Benchmark Benchmark Leistungen Benchmarking Bias Big Little Fragen Big Books Die Verwendung von einem Lehrer von übergroßen Büchern beim Lesen einer Gruppe von Kindern. Die große Größe des Textes und der Bilder macht es möglich, dass alle Kinder in der Gruppe zu sehen Interaktion mit dem Buch zur gleichen Zeit. Bingo Biopoems Gedichte von Studenten über eine bestimmte Person oder ein Objekt (Charakter in Buch, lebendige oder leblose Objekte) geschrieben. Um das Studium der Thematik zusammenzufassen. Blended Learning Blogs Blogs, auch bekannt als Weblogs, sind Online-Zeitschriften, die von den Lehrern verwendet werden können, um Gedanken, Aufgaben oder Ressourcen oder Blogs zu teilen, können von den Schülern für die Zwecke der Reflexion, Intergroup-Kommunikation oder zu erfüllen Besondere Aufgaben. Verwenden von Blogs zu integrieren Technologie im Klassenzimmer Blooms Taxonomy Ein Ansatz für das Ranking Lernen durch die Raffinesse oder Tiefe des Lernens erforderlich oder erreicht. Blooms Taxonomie Buch Box Boxen von Büchern, gehalten im Klassenzimmer, von Studenten in ihrem eigenen Tempo erkundet werden. Book Club Gruppen, die sich treffen, um Bücher zu besprechen. Book Ends Paare von Studenten diskutieren und machen Vorhersagen vor einer Aktivität, dann treffen sich nach der Aktivität zu überprüfen und zu vergleichen Reaktionen. Buchberichte Eine sachliche, schriftliche Zusammenfassung eines Buches. Schreiben ein Buch Bericht Schreiben eines Buches Bericht - Erste Schritte Bücher auf Tape Audio-Bänder von Büchern, die laut gelesen wurden. Book Talk Wie ein Buch zu führen Talk Buch reden Booktalks Schnell und einfach Bookmarks Gehirn Lateralisierung Da verschiedene Hemisphären des Gehirns verschiedene Funktionen durchführen, sind Individuen Lernen Stile und Vorlieben im Zusammenhang mit der Funktionsweise und Dominanz der verschiedenen Hälften (Hemisphären) ihres Gehirns. Instruction kann angepasst werden, um Variation in Individuen Gehirn-Vorlieben passen. Gehirn-Teaser Gehirn-basiertes Lernen Ein Lehrmodell, das auf der Idee beruht, dass Unterrichtsaktivitäten effektiver sind, wenn sie in einer Umgebung auftreten, die mit der Art und Weise, wie das Gehirn entwickelt wurde, entworfen ist, um zu lernen. Brain-Based (Compatible) Learning Brainstorming Gruppenprozess, bei dem alle Ideen akzeptiert und aufgezeichnet werden. BrainWriting Eine Kreativität oder Problemlösungs-Technik ähnlich wie Brainstorming, aber Individuen schreiben ihre Ideen. BrainWriting Brochure Studierende Forschung ein Thema erstellen Sie dann eine Broschüre, um das Thema zu anderen zu erklären. Buddy Programm Studenten sind in der Regel mit einem etwas älteren Kind für die meisten des Jahres gepaart. Die Kumpel treffen sich einmal wöchentlich oder zwei zusammen, um gemeinsam auf Lesen oder Rechtschreibung zu arbeiten. Die jüngeren Kinder profitieren von individueller Aufmerksamkeit und die älteren Kinder profitieren davon, dass sie als Vorbild fungieren können. Der Unterricht vor kurzem gelernten Fähigkeiten verstärkt und stärkt diese Fähigkeiten, so dass die älteren Kinder in solchen Programmen zeigen in der Regel so viel Verbesserung wie ihre jüngeren Freunde. Buddy System Pairing Studenten während der ersten Woche der Klasse zu schaffen Paare, die verantwortlich sind, einander zu helfen, fehlende Zuweisungen aufgrund der Abwesenheit oder achten Sie auf einander während der Exkursionen. Budgetvorbereitung Studierende forschen und erstellen Budgets, um Kosten und Werte zu verstehen. Bulletin Boards (Klassenzimmer) Boards oder Wandflächen, in denen Informationen oder Materialien veröffentlicht werden können, um Studenten zu informieren, zu begeistern, zu führen oder zu motivieren. Bulletin Boards (online oder elektronisch) Ein webbasiertes Bulletin Board oder Diskussionsforum ist ein Messaging-System, mit dem Lehrer und Schüler Informationen austauschen können. Erweiterung der Klassenzimmer in den Cyberspace: The Discussion Board Business Lehrer und Programme können Studenten in Beginn eines kleinen Unternehmens zu führen. Starten Sie Ihre eigenen Business-Buzz-Sessions Kleine, informelle Gruppendiskussionen. C-4 Yourself Kollaborative Projektstrategie mit vier Komponenten: Herausforderung, Auswahl, Zusammenarbeit und Kreation. C-SOOPS Akronym ist nützlich, um die Schüler daran zu erinnern, welche Aspekte ihres Schreibens sie bei der Bearbeitung überprüfen sollten. Edward de Bonos leitete die Entscheidungsfindung, die Einzelpersonen oder Gruppen dazu veranlasst, die Anzahl der Faktoren oder Variablen zu erhöhen, die sie berücksichtigen, bevor sie eine Entscheidung. CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) Die Schüler lernen im eigenen Tempo mit interaktiven Computerprogrammen. Calculate Calculator Zur Verwendung in der Berechnung, oder zum Nachweis der Fertigkeit mit dem Taschenrechner. CALLA (Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach) CALLA-Handbuch: Implementierung des Cognitive Academic Language Learning Ansatzes CapitalizationOrganizationPunctuationSpelling (COPS) Akronym ist nützlich, um den Schülern zu helfen, sich zu erinnern, welche Aspekte ihres Schreibens sie bei der Bearbeitung überprüfen sollten. Capsule Vocabulary Eine Lehr-Strategie zu erforschen ein paar Vokabeln Worte zu einem bestimmten Thema. Cards Career Exploration Aktivitäten, Führer und Beratung zur Unterstützung der Studenten entscheiden, über die Wahl ihrer zukünftigen Berufe, und wie man Arbeitsplätze in ihren ausgewählten Bereichen zu bekommen. Carolina Teams Verbesserung Scoring-Methode, wo Studenten erhalten Bonuspunkte für die Überschreitung ihrer individuellen Ziel-und Team Bonuspunkte, wenn ihre Teams kombiniert Ergebnis übertraf ihre Teams Ziel. Karussell Kollaboratives Problemlösen unter Verwendung von Teams von drei Studenten. Karussell-Brainstorming Unterthemen oder Fragen zu einem Thema werden im gesamten Raum veröffentlicht. Studentengruppen Brainstorming, wie sie jedes der Unterthemen zu besuchen. Karussell Brainstorming Karussell BRAINSTORMING Cartoon Lecturette Cartoons Lesen oder Erstellen von Cartoons. Editorial Cartoons im Klassenzimmer Cascade Kooperative Analyse kurzer, aber kritischer Texte oder Grafiken. Fallstudien Fallstudien sind wirkliche Lebensprobleme, die am Arbeitsplatz entstanden sind, die Studenten lösen müssen. Kann auch verwendet werden, um zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen zu erforschen. Kategorisierung Denken Fähigkeit, die es Studenten ermöglicht, Objekte oder Konzepte in Kategorien nach einer Vielzahl von Kriterien zu sortieren. CATs Causal Chain Causal Mapping Eine Form der Konzeptkartierung, in der Ursachen und Effekte deutlicher gezeigt werden. Ursache und Wirkung Ein Muster, das die Beziehung zwischen zwei Aktionen oder Ereignissen darstellt. Ursache und Wirkung (Grafikorganisator) Ursache bei Multiple-Effects-Feiern Klassenzimmer und schulische Feiern bieten die Möglichkeit, die Schüler mehr über ihre eigenen Kulturen und die ihrer Klassenkameraden zu unterrichten. Zentrale Idee Chant Rhythmische Text, wiederholt oral von Einzelpersonen oder eine Gruppe, um Rückruf zu verbessern. Charakter-Analyse Charakter-Analyse in der Bildung hat zwei Bedeutungen. Die am häufigsten verwendete ist, zu beschreiben Aktivitäten entwickelt, um Studenten zu verstehen, die Zeichen in ihrer fiktiven Lesung zu helfen. Die zweite Bedeutung ist die Analyse der Studenten eigenen Charakter in Bezug auf Ethik und Werte. Charakter-Analyse: Die Suche nach Selbst-Charakter Bildung Aktivitäten entwickelt, um Charakter, Mitgefühl, Ethik und Verantwortung in der Jugend zu entwickeln. Charakterbildung - freie Ressourcen Charakterisierung In kritischem Denken, Charakterisierung eine Form der Analyse der kritischen Merkmale eines Objekts oder Konzeptes. In der Schrift, Charakterisierung ist die Schaffung von glaubwürdigen fiktiven Charakteren. Chat Chatten Cheat Notes Verdichtungstechnik. Studenten bereiten eine einzelne Anmerkungskarte von Informationen vor, die sie auf Test sein glauben. Studierende dürfen diese Notizen zu testen. Als Schüler gewinnen Vertrauen, die Verwendung von Karten während des Tests zu entziehen. Checkliste Checklisten können verwendet werden, um viele Ziele zu erfüllen. Sie sind nützlich als Memory-Tool oder in der Förderung der Kreativität. Sie können auch direkt als Assessments oder als Review-Tool zur Vorbereitung von Assessments verwendet werden. Choice-Boards Auswahl Boards Auswahl Boards (Tic-Tac-Toe Menüs, Think-Tac-Toes, Lernmenüs, Erweiterungsmenüs) Auswahl Theory Glassers aktualisiert Kontrolltheorie. Choräle Choralelektüre Choralelektüre Choralelektüre Choralreaktion Als Reaktion auf ein Cue antworten alle Schüler in der Gruppe gleichzeitig mündlich. Die Antwort kann entweder eine Frage beantworten oder etwas wiederholen, was der Lehrer gesagt hat. Wird häufig beim Lernen von Sprachen und beim Wiederholen von rechnerischen Fakten verwendet. Chronologische Sequenzierung Ein Lehransatz, bei dem die Lernziele chronologisch verfolgt werden. Vergleichen Sie mit: General-to-Specific, Known-to-Unknown, Teil-zu-Teil-Teil, Teil-zu-Teil, Teil-zu-Teil-, Spirale, Unbekanntes, vollständiges Chunking Eine Speichertechnik. Fünf einfache Techniken zur Verbesserung Ihrer Speicher Chunking Eine Schreibtechnik. CIRC (Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition) Ein kooperativer Leseansatz, bei dem die Schülerinnen und Schüler paarweise für die Praxis arbeiten und sich auf die Bewertung vorbereiten. Lehrer-verwaltete Einschätzungen werden nicht genommen, bis die Studenten Teamkollegen entscheiden, sie sind bereit für die Beurteilung. Kreisdiagramm Kreise des Wissens Grafischer Organisator, der Studenten auffordert, zu schreiben: 3 Tatsachen, die ich kenne, 3 Fragen, die ich beantwortet werden möchte, und Antworten zu meinen Fragen. Student Activity Sheet: Zirkel des Wissens Zirkel des Lernens Genossenschaftliche Lernmethode, die von Roger und David Johnson entwickelt wurde, die das gesamte Klassenlernen mit heterogenen kleinen Gruppen kombiniert. Eine Erweiterung von Johnson und Johnsons Learning Together. Beinhaltet achtzehn Schritte entwickelt, um Lehrer durch die Team-Building-und Management-Prozess zu führen. Klatschen Kann als Signal BY der Lehrer oder als Antwort von Studierenden verwendet werden, um Aufmerksamkeit zu signalisieren. Klärende formale und informelle Techniken, die von einem Lehrer verwendet werden, um Verwirrung über Ideen oder Aufgaben zu identifizieren und zu eliminieren. Clarification Clarifying Table Graphic Organizer, mit dem Studenten das aktuelle Konzept mit verwandten Konzepten oder Beispielen verbinden können. Klassentreffen Wenn die Schüler durch die Klassentreffen zum Betrieb des Klassenzimmers beitragen dürfen, haben sie die Möglichkeit, Verantwortung und Entscheidungsfähigkeit zu erlernen. Class Museum Class Publikation Die Schüler arbeiten zusammen, um eine schriftliche Arbeit zu veröffentlichen. Formate können sein: Zeitschrift, Zeitung, Broschüre, Karte, Newsletter oder Jahrbuch. Klassifikation Wenn Objekte oder Konzepte klassifiziert werden, werden sie mit anderen, ähnlichen Sachen gruppiert, und die Gruppe erhält ein Label. Als Denkvermögen erfordert die Klassifizierung die Anwendung von Wissen. Wenn die Schüler ihre eigenen Klassifikationen erfinden, üben sie die Entdeckung und die Erfindung aus, indem sie in der Lage sind, Vorkenntnisse über die zu klassifizierenden Objekte oder Konzepte anzuwenden. Aufräumen von Song Um den Schülern anzuzeigen, dass es an der Zeit ist, mit dem Aufräumen für den Tag zu beginnen, starten Sie einen Song, damit sie aufhören können, während sie aufräumen. Aufräumen Song Climograph Clock Partners Schließen Reading Closure Alle Aktivitäten, die Studenten helfen, zusammenzufassen, wichtige Punkte gelernt und wie das neue Wissen bezieht sich auf die Ziele zu lernen. Cloze-Prozedur Eine Aktivität, die vom Lehrer erstellt wird, um den Schülern die Sprachverwendung zu ermöglichen. Der Lehrer wählt eine Textpassage aus, markiert einige Wörter und schreibt dann den Text mit leeren Zeilen, in denen die markierten Wörter waren. Das Ergebnis ist eine Füllung in die leere, die für den Schüler angenehm sein sollte, während zur gleichen Zeit geben dem Lehrer Informationen über die Studenten Sprachkenntnisse. Clubs 4-H, Schach, Wissenschaft usw. Clue Group Problemlösung mit jedem Teammitglied gegeben einen anderen Anhaltspunkt. Clusteranalyse Clustering Grafische Art der Organisation von Konzepten, die während des Brainstormings vorgeschlagen wurden. Ähnlich wie Konzept-Mapping. Co-op Co-op Kooperative Lernmethode, in der Teams arbeiten, um ein Thema für die gesamte Klasse vorzubereiten und zu präsentieren. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Auswahl der Studierenden (Themen, Partner, Arbeitsteilung, Präsentationsmethoden, etc.). Coaching-Modell Ein Unterrichtsmodell, bei dem der Lehrer ein Leitfaden ist und Mitarbeiter beim Lernen, nicht der einzige Direktor. Kognitiver akademischer Sprachlernansatz (CALLA) CALLA-Handbuch: Implementierung des kognitiven akademischen Sprachlernansatzes Kognitive Lehrlingsausbildung Kognitive Lehrlingsausbildung nimmt viele Formen an, aber die beiden Schlüsselkomponenten sind soziale Interaktionen, um den Schülern die Möglichkeit zu geben, an Problemen zu arbeiten, die ihnen zu schwierig sind Einzeln, und ein Schwerpunkt auf reale Probleme mit realen Welt-Tools. Kognitive Lehre Kognitive Dissonanz Leon Festinger schlug dieses Modell zu erklären, warum Menschen ihren Glauben ändern, wenn zwei oder mehr ihrer Überzeugungen im Widerspruch zueinander sind. Kognitive Dissonanz Kognitive Lernmodelle Basierend auf der Philosophie, dass Lernen, wenn es Veränderungen der mentalen Struktur gibt. Lernen geschieht als Ergebnis von Interaktionen zwischen Lernenden und Umwelt. Kognitive Karte Die psychologische Definition einer kognitiven Karte ist der Rahmen im menschlichen Geist, durch den wir Objekte, Ereignisse und Konzepte interpretieren. Der Begriff kognitive Mapping wurde auch verwendet, um Konzept-Karten zu beschreiben. Collaborative Learning Jede Art von Arbeit, die zwei oder mehr Studenten beteiligt. Kollaborative Geschichten Collagen Die Schüler sammeln Bilder (Ausschnitte aus Magazinen, Fotografien oder eigene Zeichnungen) und organisieren sie, um ein Konzept oder eine Perspektive zu illustrieren. Sammlungen Könnte nach Klasse Schülerprojekt oder könnte Klassifizierung der Klassenzimmer-Sammlung (Bücher oder Pflanzen, zum Beispiel) sein. Collective Notebook Ein Notebook, das von einer Gruppe gepflegt wird, in der jedes Mitglied der Gruppe eine Idee oder Beobachtung während eines bestimmten Zeitraums (typischerweise jeden Tag oder jede Woche) hinzufügen soll. Der Inhalt des Notebooks wird regelmäßig geteilt oder veröffentlicht und diskutiert. Collective Notebook (CNB) Color-by-Number Farbcodierung Kennzeichnung von Lernmaterialien oder Konzepten mit Farbmarkierungen zur Identifizierung von Objekten oder Ideen, die zusammengehören. Colored Paper Grouping Eine Methode für die zufällige Zuordnung Schüler zu Gruppen, in denen Stücke von farbigem Papier an Studenten weitergegeben werden, dann Studenten mit Papieren der gleichen Farbe zu bekommen. Comic-Bücher Nützlich für die Aufnahme von visuellen Lernenden und die Förderung einer Vielzahl von Studenten, sich in Diskussionen über die Literatur und die breite Palette von sozialen, wissenschaftlichen und historischen Themen in Comic-Bücher. Anmerkungen Komitees Freiwilligenarbeit zur Arbeit an einem Studentenausschuss kann die Schüler über Werte, Entscheidungsfindung, zwischenmenschliche Fähigkeiten und ihnen helfen, wichtige Verbindungen zu der Gemeinschaft als Ganzes zu lehren. Gemeinschaft Arbeit Student als Freiwilliger. Die Studierenden gewinnen Selbstwertgefühl und wertvolle Erfahrungen durch ehrenamtliche Arbeit. Compacting Comparing Zur Beobachtung oder Betrachtung der Eigenschaften von Objekten oder Konzepten, die beide Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede suchen. Vergleichen und Kontrast (Grafik-Organizer) Vergleichsmatrix Ein grafischer Organisator, der die Schüler beim Sammeln von Informationen und beim Vergleich von Objekten oder Konzepten unterstützen kann. Vergleichstabelle Ein Entscheidungswerkzeug, das einen strukturierten Vergleich zwischen den Entscheidungen ermöglicht. Vergleichstische Wettbewerbe Wettbewerbe können nützlich sein, um einige Schüler zum Lernen zu motivieren. Teamwettbewerbe besonders effektiv im Klassenzimmer, wenn sie an eine kollaborative Praxis gebunden sind oder eine Überprüfung vor dem Wettbewerb. Abgeschlossene Arbeitstabelle Machen Sie und öffentlich ein Diagramm, das alle Zuordnungen entlang der oberen und Schüler Namen vertikal links auflistet. Wenn ein Schüler eine Aufgabe beendet, markiert der Lehrer die Box für diese Zuordnung auf dem Chart, so dass die Schüler schnell sehen können, wenn sie keine Arbeit fehlen. Bei dieser Vorgehensweise werden die Noten nie öffentlich ausgeschrieben, und wenn die Arbeit so spät ist, wird sie nicht mehr akzeptiert, die Schachtel wird ebenfalls markiert. Das Diagramm wird nur als Berichtsmechanismus verwendet, um die Schüler über die Arbeit zu informieren, die sie tun müssen, die noch für den Kredit akzeptiert werden. Component-Display-Theorie David Merrills sehr strukturierten Ansatz zur Gestaltung Anweisung. Component Display Theory Compositions Eine schriftliche Arbeit eines Studenten, um einige literarische oder sprachliche Kenntnisse zu demonstrieren. Auch jede Art von Musik von einem Studenten geschrieben. Beispiele für studentische Kompositionen und Online-Mentoring-Diskussionen (Musik) Comprehensible Input Computerspiele Pädagogische Computerspiele können für Studenten gekauft werden, um Konzepte zu überprüfen oder zu erkunden. Student kann auch entwerfen und erstellen pädagogische Computerspiele, um mit Kommilitonen zu teilen. Konstruktivismus am Arbeitsplatz durch Spielen (Kinder entwerfen Computerspiele) Computersimulationen Simulieren von Ereignissen oder Situationen auf einem Computer ermöglicht es den Studenten, mit Konzepten oder Materialien schnell und sicher zu experimentieren. Die Verwendung von Computer-Simulationen in der Allgemein-Chemie Computer Software Design Studenten entwerfen und erstellen Computerprogramme, um mehr über Schreiben, Syntax, Logik, Design und Technologie zu lernen. Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) Die Schüler lernen im eigenen Tempo mit interaktiven Computerprogrammen. Computer-Based Training Computing Finden Lösungen für Probleme mit Zahlen durch die Durchführung der angegebenen Operationen. Berechnung und Bilderbuchkonzentration Paare von Karten werden erstellt (Name des Konzepts auf einer, Beschreibung auf anderem zum Beispiel). Die Schüler wenden sich ab. Auf jedem Zug wählt der Student 2 Karten von der Face-down-Anordnung. Schüler halten Paare, die sie korrekt als passend identifizieren. Konzept Erreichungsmodell Induktives Unterrichtsmodell, in dem Schüler mit Beispielen und Nichtbeispielen eines Konzepts präsentiert werden. Die Schüler generieren Hypothesen und versuchen, das Konzept zu beschreiben (und manchmal auch zu nennen). Konzept Erreichung Konzeptkarten Karten von Studenten, die Begriffe auf die Verwendung dieses Begriffs im Kontext Link. Concept Circles Fordern Sie die Schüler heraus, entweder das Konzept zu benennen oder die fehlenden Teile des Kreises zu vervollständigen. Konzeptfarben Konzeptentwicklungsmodell Induktives Lehrmodell. Concepts are taught using the sequence: list items, group items, label, regroup, synthesize, and evaluate (can students generate and group on their own) Concept Fan A problem-solving technique which encourages people to examine and solve causes of problems. Concept Fan Concept Folders Key concepts for course are each assigned a folder. Examples or illustrations of the concepts are kept in the folder for students to explore. Concept Formation The process by which we learn to identify concepts and which instances are examples of that concept. Concept Map Any of several forms of graphical organizers which allows learners to perceive relationships between concepts through diagramming keywords representing those concepts. Originally developed by Joseph Novak in the 1960s. The Projectile Launch Project - Concept Maps Assignment Concept Matrix A two-dimensional approach to organizing information to solve problems or make connections between concepts. Concept of Definition Students construct organizing maps to explore meanings or definitions of words. Concept Sort Conceptual Change Model Constructivist approach which involves identifying and clarifying student misconceptions, then using an activity to challenge these misconceptions. Conclusions A logical process in which students analyze facts and generate new facts based on what is known. For example: It is a dry, sunny day. The neighbors are watering their yard using a sprinkler. Our dog is leaving wet footprints on the porch. Conclusion, our dog has been in our neighbors yard, running through the sprinkler. Conditions of Learning Robert Gagnes theory explaining the different types of learning and proposing that they require different types of teaching. Conditions of Learning Conferences Conferences are face-to-face discussions. Conferences may occur between teachers and students to enable teachers to give individual guidance, or they may be meetings between parents, teachers, and (sometimes) the student for the purpose of discussing the students progress and issues relating to how to improve the educational experience for the student. Student-Led Conferences: A Growing Trend Parent-Teacher Conferences: Five Important Questions Confirmative Evaluation Conflict Chart Conflict charts are used in three areas of education. Most commonly, they are used as a graphical tool to help students understand the motivation of real people or fictional characters, but they are also used as a tool to insure that students are scheduled for exactly one class per period with no conflicts, and finally, they are used as a social and behavior management tool to analyze interpersonal conflicts. Conflict Mediation Mediation involves discussions in the presence of a mediator who is trained to help individuals find solutions to their differences. Connect Two Connectionism Edward L. Thorndikes behavioral theory that learning occurs as the result of connections made in the mind between stimuli and responses. Connotation Consequence and Sequel Edward de Bonos guided approach that allows groups to explore both short term and long term effects of actions. Consider All Factors (CAF) Edward de Bonos guided approach to decision-making that encourages individuals or groups to increase the number of factors or variables they consider before making a decision. Construction Spiral A three-step process: individuals record their own thoughts, then small groups share ideas, finally, the whole groups ideas are written on the board. Corrections during the recording should be by the group and with no judgments by the teacher. If refinement of understanding is needed, a new question is posed. Constructions Geometric constructions involve the copying or manipulation of geometric shapes using only a straightedge and a compass. Constructions Constructivist Models Based on the philosophy that knowledge cannot be transferred from the teacher to the student but must be constructed by each individual. Connections must be made between the students existing conceptual network and the new material to be learned. Constructivist Learning Model - Yager Context Clues When students encounter unfamiliar words, those words usually exist in an environment that includes many clues to word meanings. Meaning can be deduced or guessed by analyzing the context (the environment around the word). Contextual Model Based on philosophy that culture and other environmental contexts must also be considered in teaching child. Contextual Sentences Continuum Students take keywords and arrange them to form a continuum based on a variety of criteria. For example, beaver, rattlesnake, deer, plankton would be arranged as rattlesnake, deer, beaver, plankton if asked to arrange according to their preference for water, and plankton, rattlesnake, beaver, deer if asked to arrange according to size. Contract Grading Contracts Contracts are formal agreements between individuals or entities. For a contract to be effective or valid, usually some action is performed by one party of the contract and in exchange the party performing the action gets something of value in return. In a school setting, the student typically performs the service of behaving in a desirable way, and if successful, the student is rewarded. Contrasting Exploring or describing differences between objects or concepts. Compare and Contrast (graphic organizer) Control Theory Glassers theory explaining that, in an attempt to satisfy basic needs for survival, belonging, power, freedom, and fun, people will act to control their behavior to satisfy those needs. Control theory is related to Choice Theory. Control Theory A New Explanation of How We Control Our Lives Cooking Hands-on activity that helps students make connections between the math, reading, and science they do in the classroom and a real-world application that most people do daily. Cooperative Conflict Resolution Cooperative approach to learning about how to prepare arguments and discuss arguments. Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) A cooperative approach to reading in which students work in pairs for practice and to prepare for assessments. Teacher-administered assessments are not taken until the students teammates decide they are ready for the assessment. Cooperative Learning Model In this approach, students share knowledge with other students through a variety of structures. Cooperative Learning, as a phrase, originated in the 1960s with the work of David and Roger Johnson. True cooperative learning includes five essential elements: positive interdependence, face-to-face interactions, individual accountability, some structured activity, and team-building (group processing) skills. Similar to the Social Learning Model. Cooperative Learning - Houghton Mifflin Cooperative Learning - Huitt Cooperative Review Groups take turns asking other groups questions. Often conducted as a game where points are awarded. COPS (CapitalizationOrganizationPunctuationSpelling) Acronym is useful to help students remember which aspects of their writing they should check when editing. Copying Reproducing drawings, text, motions, etc. Used to encourage students to look more carefully at something. Corners Students are asked to select (by standing next to their choice)from four options which are posted in the corners of the room. Students then defend choices and listen to others choices. Crawford Slip Writing Students are provided with a pad of papers with text and graphical prompts to which they should respond as quickly as possible. Can be used with older students to generate ideas, or with younger students as a form of ungraded assessment. Crawford Slip Writing Crazy Definitions Creative Thinking Reading Teams of students work together to solve assigned problems using text provided by the teacher. Criterion-referenced Assessment Performance is compared to a set standard or objective. It is possible for all students to earn the highest possible grade if all meet the established criteria for that grade. (compare to Norm - referenced assessment) Criterion-Referenced Critical Instances Critical thinking is a process whereby the learner considers a variety of possibilities, then chooses from those possibilities using unbiased, rational thinking. Criticizing A thinking skill involving judging or analyzing. Critical Thinking - Section 3 - Criticizing an Argument Critique Critiques can take several different forms. In writing, students read and react to a single written work by summarizing information and evaluating the sources correctness, relevance, or viewpoint. In the arts, works of art are critiqued either in writing or through a discussion, to help students develop analytical and interpretive skills. CS 561 - Written Critiques Cross-Age Tutoring Older students act as tutors to younger students. Often carried out in the form of a buddy program where all the fourth graders in a school may have a first grade reading buddy with whom they work. Cross-Checking Using multiple sources of information. Cross-Pollination Have students share ideas during investigation of problems. Crossword Puzzle CROWN A closure technique that encourages students to reflect on the completed lesson. CROWN Communicate what you learned. Reaction. Offer one sentence that sums up what the whole lesson was about. Where are some different places you could use this Note how well we did today. Cubing A six-part technique to explore different aspects of a topic. The six parts include: describing, comparing, associating, analyzing, applying, arguing. Cubing Cueing Various means used by the teacher to let students know that particular material is important. Cues Questions Cumulative Cases A structured preschool program based on a series of thematic units Cumulative Final A cumulative final exam is an assessment for which the students are expected to know all concepts taught during the course. Some instructors have a policy of passing any student who can pass a cumulative final exam. The advantage to this approach is that students have a chance to pass up until the very end of the course. The disadvantage to this is some students will not do classwork because they can survive the course by taking a single test. Current Events Discussion or student work centered on events in recent news. Why Teach Current Events Curriculum Cushioning Asking Daily Message Early in the day, the Principal or Vice Principal start the day by addressing students. These short speeches are typically on such themes as respect, handling peer pressure, or being kind to others. Daily News Daily Outline By posting a written overview of what will be done during the day, students can be prepared in advance. These overviews typically include a list of any work that should be done by the beginning of class, a list of work that will be done during the day, a list of work to be done as homework, and a brief description of the concepts to be covered and the resources needed (books, handouts, tools, and so on). Dance Dance can be used to teach coordination and discipline. Dancing in groups encourages students to become more observant and strengthens social bonds. Memorization of lengthy dance routines and the music associated with them stimulates parts of the brain involved with creativity. Data Analysis Having students gather and analyze data can connect them to real-world problems and also improve their critical thinking skills. Collecting and Analyzing Data - The Soda Survey Data Gathering Students collect information in an organized way for use in statistical analysis, scientific research, or as support for arguments in social studies or other fields. Days Special days during the school year when all activities center around a theme. Storytelling Festival Day Debates Debates are arguments carried out according to agreed upon rules and used in the classroom to engage students and help them make connections to the curriculum. Great Debates (PDF) Debriefing A form of reflection immediately following an activity. Decision Making Helping students learn to make better decisions improves their problem-solving skills and helps students be more effective in confronting choices outside the classroom. Improving Students Decision Making Skills (PDF) Decision-Making Matrix Method for assigning numerical values to criteria, and the extent to which alternatives satisfy criteria. Decision-Making Tasks A Meaningful Use Task where students identify criteria and alternatives then reevaluate the alternatives to make a decision. Decoding Deduction Starting with general ideas and moving to more specific ideas within a topic. (compare to induction) Deductive Inquiry A form of inquiry with four basic components: presentation of a generalization, discussion of core elements of the generalization, student exploration of the elements, student generation of relevant examples of the generalized concept. DEFENDS A writing strategy by Edwin S. Ellis. Defining Any activity that requires students or teachers to state the meaning of a word or phrase. Definitions Deliberations Ask students to support one point of view on topic, then take and support opposing point of view. Then write position paper. Demonstrations An activity to show students how things work or how they happen. Demonstrations are often used in science classes. Chemical Demonstrations in the Classroom Descriptions Telling about something. When done by teachers, descriptions are usually used to introduce new information. When done by students, descriptions are used to demonstrate knowledge of a concept. Design Contests In addition to design contests within the classroom, many corporations sponsor design contests to encourage creativity and innovation at many levels of education. Student Contests and Competitions Designing A form of planning. Classroom Compass - Design in the Classroom Detailed Timeline Devils Advocate A dialectical approach in which the teacher proposes or defends an extreme or unpopular viewpoint. Used to initiate or stimulate a discussion or debate, For example, in a class on environmental issues the teacher might suggest that the nearby wetlands be drained because of the many mosquitos that breed there. Dialectical Approaches A discussion or argument in which a thesis and its antithesis are broken down into related core ideas in order to help participants evaluate or challenge existing assumptions. Dialectical Approaches Dialectical Journal A two column note-taking or journal method that features quotes or ideas from the text in one column, and ideas from the reader in the other column. Dialectical Journals Dialogue Dialogue Journals Dictations Didactic Instruction Teacher-centered instruction in which the teacher tells the student what to think about a topic. Used for the delivery of factual (not debated) information. Didactic Questions Questions which tend to have a single answer and allow students to demonstrate lower order thinking like recall. DIDLS A technique for analyzing the style of a piece of literature. Diction (choice of words), Imagery, Details, Language, and Syntax (structure and patterns of sentences). DIDLS Breakdown Dioramas A three-dimensional scene, usually created by the students, and acting as a miniature model. Direct Instruction Teacher-centered instruction which includes lecture, presentation, and recitation. Summary of Principles of Direct Instruction - Huitt Direct-Interactive Teaching Model A direct teaching approach that typically follows a cycle that includes: checking previous work, presenting new material, student practice with new material, feedback from the teacher, independent practice, regular reviews. Directed Paraphrasing Students are asked to summarize or explain a concept or theory to a specific (imaginary) audience. For example, a medical student might be asked to explain what neurotransmitters are, and phrase the explanation so it would make sense to a hospitalized patient. Directed Reading Thinking Activity (DRTA) Throughout reading, questions are used to activate students existing knowledge. Students are encouraged to make predictions. Directions Instructions given by the teacher to the students describing what the students should be doing. Directive Model A teacher centered model that focuses on student activities being guided by teacher directions and direct transmission of information. Disappearing Definition Discovery Teaching A constructivist approach. Students begin learning with an activity designed to lead them to particular concepts or conclusions. Students acquire basic and advanced knowledge in random order. Discussion Classroom discussions typically begin with the teacher describing the goal or purpose of the discussion. Sometimes discussions may be initiated by the posing of an open-ended question. Teachers can employ a number of techniques to encourage students to participate in discussions, including calling on specific people, or assigning students to be an expert or leader for various parts of the discussion. Many cooperative activities include a small group discussion as teams work together. Class Discussions - NCREL Discussion Appointments Discussion Board A web-based bulletin board or discussion board is a messaging system through which instructors and students can share information asychronously. Extending the Classroom into Cyberspace: The Discussion Board Discussion Groups In the classroom, a discussion group is formed when a discussion is carried out by only a part of the class. Outside the classroom, discussion groups are composed of individuals with similar interests. These groups meet regularly to discuss a variety of literary or social issues. Discussion Web A form of discussion that starts out with individual students formulating a response, then each student pairs with one other, then the pairs pair to form groups of four. Finally, when the groups have refined their answers, they share their thoughts with the whole class. Dissections To cut apart and analyze an animal. plant, device, or idea. Make a Frog Sandwich - Bowersox Distance Education Distance Learning DO IT Define problem, Open self to new ideas, Identify best solution, Transform idea to action. DO IT Dog Paddles A whole class, kinesthetic approach in which students raise one of two dog-shaped paddles in response to verbal prompts. For example, in a science class, paddles could be labeled carnivore and herbivore. Prime and composite could be used in a math class. Socialism and capitalism could be the paddle labels in a social studies class, and so on. Dog-shaped paddles can be cut from construction paper and taped to folded card stock or rulers. Domain of Learning Double Cell Diagram A form of graphic organizer linking two items. Drafts Students complete writing or creative work in stages to facilitate progress from capturing ideas quickly to the use of more detailed revision and editing skills. (See Quintilion Progression) Drafting Dramatizing Students act out roles from stories or historical events. Drawing Students can illustrate text they have read, draw diagrams of problems they have heard, or simply draw to stimulate creativity. Dream Diary Useful creativity technique in art and writing classes. Students keep a diary of their dreams, then can use the images and ideas in their compositions. Keeping a Dream Diary Drill Practice by repetition. Often used to reinforce grammar and basic math skills. Driting Drawing and writing. About Driting Drive Reduction A theory of learning developed by Clark Hull which describes the drives (needs) individuals have and that learning occurs because individuals strive to reduce their drives (satisfy their needs). Drive Reduction Theory DRTA (Directed Reading Thinking Activity) Throughout reading, questions are used to activate students existing knowledge. Students are encouraged to make predictions. DVDs Dyads A group consisting of two students. E-Learning E-mail A technique to connect students to people around the world to collaborate on projects or distance learning. E-mail can also be used to provide a direct communication link between the teacher and the students parents. Echo Reading Editing Eight Square El Zippo Game Elaboration A thinking skill that involves adding to, improving, or completing an idea or process. Elaboration Electronic Learning Elevator Speech ELVES Technique to increase creativity: be at Ease, make Lists, Vary the lists, Eureka, Select. ELVES Emergent Literacy The concept that learning to read or write does not happen quickly but is built upon many small steps that occur over the course of the childs early childhood. The process begins with activities that happen naturally in the home such as talking with and reading with the child, then continues in the classroom with more formalized strategies to encourage reading and writing. Empiricism John Lockes philosophical assertion that all knowledge is based on experience. Envelope, Please An activating strategy used prior to beginning a new topic. Envoy Equations Error Analysis Error analysis takes two basic forms in the classroom. In the most common form, teachers analyze the errors students make (in mathematical computation, grammar, language, literature interpretation, and so on) and use that analysis to guide further instruction. In science classroom, some teachers teach students to analyze experimental errors to improve critical thinking skills. Essays A short, written work, centered on a single subject. Estimating Proposing an approximate answer to a problem or question. Estimation Lineup An activity designed to activate students prior knowledge before new material is presented. Evaluating A critical thinking skill involving judging to place a value on ideas or work. Evocative phrases Exaggeration Used to help identify key attributes when employed by the teacher in a discussion. Can also be used in writing or drawing projects to produce unique and memorable projects. Exaggeration (magnify or minify) Examples Ideas or objects drawn from a group of ideas or objects to represent core features of the group from which they are drawn. Exemplification and the Example Exit Slips Teacher helps in the synthesis of learning by reading anonymous student writings aloud to begin or end a class. Expectation Outline A pre-reading activity in which students skim the assigned reading, then write down some questions they expect to be able to answer, or key concepts they expect to learn about, as the result of completing the reading. Experiential Learning Carl Rogers theory that there are two types of learning: cognitive (memorizing or studying simply because work is assigned) and experiential (learning to satisfy the needs and wants of the learner). Studying a book with commonly used phrases in Norwegian is experiential if you are planning a trip to Norway, but the same activity is cognitive if you are taking a language class and the teacher assigns reading from the book. Carl Rogers Experiential Learning Experimental Inquiry As a Meaningful Use Task it includes observation, analysis, prediction, testing, and re-evaluation. As a variation of inquiry, experimental inquiry involves generating and testing hypotheses to explain phenomena. Experiments Tests to demonstrate or discover something. Skill Handbook. Practicing Scientific Processes Explanation An explanation answers a question. Good explanations take into account the prior knowledge of the questioner and the intent of the question. Explanations are given by both teachers and students in the classroom. Students are often asked to explain a concepts as part of assessing their knowledge. Teachers are asked for explanations during all phases of instruction. Explanation Extempore dialogues Extended STaR Expanded version of Story Telling and Retelling - A Success For All approach. Extension Teaching Extension teaching takes two forms. The most common form is outreach programs where educators travel to the students location to provide instruction on topics of professional or personal interest. Agricultural extension experts who travel from their home college to provide onsite support to farmers are the classic example of this approach. Another form is a constructivist method related to application teaching. It is centered on activities which proceed from more basic ideas to more complex. The expected products generated by the students are more variable than in application teaching. Ten Guiding Values of Extension Education Welcome to the Journal of Extension Extrapolation of Data Given a set of data, students are asked to predict what would occur outside the range of that data. Facilitative Questioning To facilitate means to help another person accomplish something. Facilitative questioning is an approach whereby a teacher or counselor poses open-ended questions to the student to allow them to explore ideas that may be complex or emotionally difficult. In writing classes, the purpose of facilitative questions is to allow the teacher to give assistance to the students without actually contributing new ideas to the work being written. In counseling, the purpose of facilitative questions is to allow the student to generate their own solutions to problems or tasks without being unduly influenced by the counselors ideas. Facilitative questioning is used most often in situations where there is no right answer but the solution is dependent on what is best for the individual. Adult Bullying: Examples of useful facilitative questions Fact vs. Opinion Fairs A theme-based event that includes exhibitions of products or skills, along with some fun aspects. The tone can range from purely academic (as is typical of science fairs) to carnival-like (as is typical of culture fairs). Fairs provide an opportunity for students to perform and to learn about long-range planning of events, in addition to the underlying subject content that forms the theme of the fair. Fan-n-Pick Feedback Any means by which a teacher informs a student about the quality or correctness of the students products or actions. Different forms of feedback include formal assessments (Example: a written grade on a student project), oral and written guidance (Example: Good, but needs more work on the Conclusion), and casual comments or nonverbal signals (Example: a nod indicating correctness or agreement). FFOE A creativity technique using the acronym FFOE: Fluency (many ideas), Flexibility (variety of ideas), Originality (unique ideas), and Elaboration (fully developed ideas). Field Guides A useful student project is to guide students in the creation of a field guide. Field guides typically provide information that would be needed outside the classroom in the study of such diverse fields as plants, animals, architecture, cultures, or business practices. Normal components of a field guide include: common names, formal names, definitions, graphic illustrations, explanations of the range (where you expect to find things), relevant dates, key facts, warnings, and interesting notes. Create a Field Guide of Local Plants Field Observations Students leave the classroom to observe events, organisms, and objects in their natural surroundings. Field observation usually includes the collection and recording of data in a field journal. Field Trips A field trips is any activity that occurs outside the classroom for the purpose of providing hands-on experience with objects or people that only occur in certain places. Target locations for field trips can include museums, zoos, places of business, farms, nearby colleges, theaters, historical monuments or buildings, forests, wetlands, nature parks, or the grounds of the school itself. Field Trip to School Films Motion pictures can be used to enhance learning of literature, language, or historical events. Filmstrips A form of presentation, in which a series of still images are projected onto a screen. To accompany the images, usually an audio tape is played that includes cues to advance the film to synchronize the image and audio portions. This format is still used in a few places, but has largely been superseded by videotapes and interactive web pages. Find Someone Who A variation of the Human Scavenger Hunt. Usually this activity is used to encourage students to seek out the students in class whop know the answers to specific content questions. This works most effectively if each student is an expert on a different topic or sub-topic than the others in the class. FIND SOMEONE WHO Find the Fib Team activity where groups of students write two true statements and one false statement, then challenge other teams (or the teacher) to Find the Fib. Find the Rule Students are given sets of examples that demonstrate a single rule (like i before e except after c.) and are asked to find and state the rule. Find Your Partner A method for assigning students to groups and at the same time reviewing previous concepts. Equations, sentences, or questions and answers are written on a single piece of paper, then the parts of the sets are cut apart. The parts are distributed to students who compare papers with other students until they find their match. Finding and Investigating Problems One key element of scientific research is finding and investigating problems. Exposing children to real life data and asking them to create problems from this data can result in more meaningful problem-solving and a deeper understanding of what science is. Finding Clues in a Picture An activity where the teacher guides students to find clues about reading by asking a series of leading questions. Finding Clues in a Picture - How to FIP (First Important Priorities) Edward de Bonos process for listing, then prioritizing options. Useful in decision-making and in strengthening critical thinking skills. First Important Priorities (FIP) Edward de Bonos process for listing, then prioritizing options. Useful in decision-making and in strengthening critical thinking skills. First Lines First TRIP (1st TRIP) A reading strategy consisting of: Title, Relationships, Intent of questions, Put in perspective. Fishbone An organizing tool to help students visualize how many events can be tied to or contribute to a result. Fishbowl Discussion format where students are selected from the class. They sit in front of the class as a panel to discuss topic while class observes. Then discussion is opened to whole class. Fit Them In Five Plus One (5 1) Direct instruction variation where the teacher presents for five minutes, students share and reflect for one minute, then the cycle repeats. Five Whys Asking a chain of why questions, with each question deeper into the root cause of a problem. Five Words - Three Words Students list five topic-related words independently. Students are grouped and share words. Groups pick best three words and explain to class. Flash Cards Traditional flash cards are note cards with a question, problem, or fact on one side, and the answer or a related fact on the other side. Flash cards can be used by individual students for independent practice, or can be used by pairs of students to practice as a team. More recently, online flash cards have appeared on the Internet. Online flash cards take many forms, but typically include either a box where you can type in your answer, or have sets of answers to choose from. Flashcard Exchange Printable Sign Language Flash Cards Flashbacks Flexible Groupings Flow Charts Flow charts are graphical depictions of processes or relationships. Typically flow charts include icons showing particular processes or steps, and arrows indicating paths. Flowers A vase with fresh flowers on the teachers desk or near a window can positively alter the mood of many students. They can also be used as spur of the moment manipulatives for many activities. Flowers can be dissected in a science class, used as models in a drawing class, or used as a writing prompt for a writing activity. Focused Imagining A form of guided imagery where students are led to form mental images under the guidance of the teacher. Can be done either through written directions or step-by-step oral directions from the teacher. Focused Listing Students make lists with the purpose of sharing them during a subsequent discussion or collaborative activity. Focused Listing Focused Practice Foldables Effectiveness of Foldables Versus LectureWorksheet In Teaching Social Studies In Third Grade Classrooms (PDF) Force Field Analysis A decision-making tool in which all forces for and against a plan are considered and evaluated. Force-Field Analysis Forced Analogy Make analogies by comparing problem term to a randomly selected term (for example, compare algebra to a cracker). Then use the new combinations to solve a problem or create something. Forced Choice (Activity) A classroom activity in which a small number of choices are placed around the classroom and students are asked to examine all the choices, then stand next to their choice. Students selecting the same choice then discuss reasons or advantages and disadvantages of their choice. Forced Choice (Assessment) Forced Relationships A variant of the Forced Analogy approach to generating possible solutions to problems. In Forced Relationships, objects are paired to a seemingly unrelated task and students are forced to use the unrelated objects to accomplish the task. For example, the students might be told they need to water the flowers in the windowsill box using the water from the sink across the room, and their only tools are a flashlight and a piece of paper. Possible solutions would be to take apart the flashlight (placing the parts on the paper) then use the handle as a cup to carry water, or the paper could be folded into a temporary cup then discarded after the watering was done. Forecasting Forecasting is a kind of extrapolation in which current trends (in weather, or in the economy) are analyzed and predictions are made about future events based on those trends. Formations Certain types of information can be illustrated by having groups of students stand in certain positions to make shapes representing answers. If the answer is a 2, for example, students can form the number two by where they stand in the room. In Formations, the teacher asks a series of questions, all of which have formable answers, then the students create the answers by their movements. Formative Assessment Formative and Summative Assessments in the Classroom Formulas Formulas are mathematical expressions using symbols to represents real-world quantities. Students can generate, use, or solve problems with formulas. Forum A panel in which members talk freely with the audience. Four Corners Label the four corners of the room with Disagree, Strongly Disagree, Agree, Strongly Agree. Read a controversial statement and have students write on a piece of paper whether they agree, disagree, strongly agree, or strongly disagree with the statement. When all are finished writing, have students go to the corner representing their point of view. All student sharing a point of view work together to collect evident and present an argument supporting their beliefs. Four Corners Frayer Model Vocabulary development tool in which students use a graphic organizer to categorize their knowledge about a word. Free Association Creativity technique similar to brainstorming. Free Association Free Write and Share Students write in response to some stimulus (music, topic oriented, question oriented), then share their writing with the class. Freewriting Freewriting is a timed activity to stimulate the flow of ideas and words. Students are given a topic and must write everything they can think of about the topic. The rules are that students must not stop writing, even if they run out of things to say, and they may not do any editing or criticism during the writing. After the time is up, you can either read the writing aloud, or scan what you have written and pull out ideas or phrases you can use. Frontloading Fussing with Definitions A formal, cooperative method for rewriting definitions. Fuzzy Logic Many statements are not true or false but lie somewhere in between. To assign value to statement, false 0, true 1, statement can fall anywhere on the continuum between 0 and 1. Also known as Fuzzy Thinking. Fuzzy Thinking Many statements are not true or false but lie somewhere in between. To assign value to statement, false 0, true 1, statement can fall anywhere on the continuum between 0 and 1. Also known as Fuzzy Logic. Gallery Similar to Carousel Brainstorming. Gallery Method Games Games can take many forms, but in the classroom, any activity that involves a competition, social interaction, and some form of prize or award would be considered a game. Classroom game activities are typically not graded, and student participation is based on the desire to contribute to a team or to individually achieve some prize or recognition. Usually games have winners. Ideally, even the losers of the game should feel that the experience was enjoyable. Games That Teach PBS Kids Piklin Gaps Students are given sentences or sequences with gaps (missing words, numbers, or symbols) and are asked to fill in the gaps. Gardens Students plan, plant, and tend a garden. As a side activity, students also will need to plan what to do with the products of the garden and how (if necessary) to return the land to its original state. Extension Master Gardeners Valued by Teachers in School Gardening Programs School Gardens School Gardens GATHER Model An inquiry-based model used in the teaching of history. The steps include: Get an overview, Ask questions, Triangulate the data, Hypothesize, Explore and interpret data, and Record and support conclusions. Promoting Historical Inquiry: GATHER Model General Inquiry A teaching strategy in which students learn to identify and explore problems, then use the discovered facts to form a generalized response to the problem. General-to-Specific Sequencing An instructional approach in which objectives are presented to learners beginning with general principles and proceeding to specific concepts. Compare to: Chronological, Known-to-Unknown, Part-to-Part-to-Part, Part-to-Whole, Part-to-Whole-to Part, Spiral, Step-by-Step, Topical, Unknown-to-Known, Whole-to-Part Generalizing To restate information to show basic principles. Generative Learning Model A four phase method (preliminary, focus, challenge, and application) that encourages students to do something with information. This constructivist approach allows students to construct (or generate) meaning through their active use of information. Generative Vocabulary Strategies Examples include: Possible Sentences, Keyword Strategy, Vocabulary Self-Collection Strategy. (VSS) Genetic Epistemology Jean Piaget proposed that children pass through different stages of cognitive development. For example: during very early stages, children are not aware of the permanence of objects, so hiding an object causes the child to lose interest. Once the child has acquired the ability to think of the object as still existing even when out of sight, the child will begin to look for the missing object. Gestalt Theory Max Wertheimers theory that deals with the nature of whole problems or concepts. Gestalt theory stresses the importance of the relationship between objects in a group and the relatedness of concepts. Gestalt is about the big picture and originated as a response to the traditional scientific approach of breaking things down into their component parts and seeking understanding by analyzing the parts. Systems are more than the sum of their parts, and learners know more than the sum of the bits of knowledge they have memorized. Many of the current holistic approaches are based on Wertheimers Gestalt Theory. Gestalt Theory (Wertheimer) Get the Gist with 20 Words GIST Statements GLOBAL PC Go on, smile Goals Gowins Vee Diagram A form of graphic organizer developed by Bob Gowin to help students develop hierarchies from their reading and prior knowledge and use that knowledge to make sense of their central question or research interest. The Vee Diagram: A Guide for Problem-Solving (PDF) Grab Bag Near the conclusion of a lesson, have a student draw an object from a bag. The student must explain or illustrate how the object is related to what they have learned. Myth Grab Bag Graffiti Walls Grant Writing Grant writing is most often assigned in college or professional courses, but could be done at higher secondary levels. A grant is a financial award, either from government or industry, and intended to fund a project with wide applications. Grant writing, as a process, involves finding and investigating problems, writing persuasive text, researching related work, and demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed work. Graphic Organizer Graphic organizers are visual frameworks to help the learner make connections between concepts. Some forms of graphic organizers are used before learning and help remind the learner of what they already know about a subject. Other graphic organizers are designed to be used during learning to act as cues to what to look for in the structure of the resources or information. Still other graphic organizers are used during review activities and help to remind students of the number and variety of components they should be remembering. Graphic Organizers that Support Specific Thinking Skills Graphic Organizers - NCREL Graphing A diagram that represents numerical data. Green Light Greeting Cards Students design and create greeting cards to share with friends and relatives. Lesser-Known Holiday Greeting Cards Greetings Greeting each student at the door allows teachers to establish an individual, positive contact with each student that is not possible once the entire class is assembled. Meeting and Greeting Students at the Beginning of Class Group Investigation The class is divided into teams. Teams select topics to investigate, gather information, prepare a report, then assemble to present their findings to the entire class. Group Investigation Group Summary Writing Group Work Any method involving two or more students. Structured Learning Team Group Roles Team Expectations Group Writing Students work in teams of two or three to brainstorm, write, and edit a single document. Group-Based Instruction Guess Guess and Check One approach to solving math problems is to Guess at an answer, then Check to see if it is the correct solution. Guess and Check Guess-and-Check Guess Box An object is hidden in a container and students ask questions about the content of the box in order to identify it and its characteristics. Guest Speakers Guest speakers come into the classroom to share specialized knowledge about their profession or their hobbies. Guest speakers help to form connections between knowledge acquired in the classroom and real-world applications. Guest Teachers Guest Teacher has two meanings. The first meaning is when a teacher teaches a class on a topic in which he or she specializes and the normal teacher for the class is present to learn from the presentation. An example of this kind of Guest Teaching might occur if a math teacher also happened to be an expert on the American Civil War and had artifacts to share and explain to a a social studies class. More recently, substitute teachers are being referred to as guest teachers to remind students that these teachers are guests in the school. National Substitute Teachers Alliance Guest Teacher Guided Discovery Teaching model where students learn through explorations, but with directions from teacher. Guided Discussion Similar to recitations, but the purpose is to help students make interpretations. Guided Imagery Students are helped to visualize through daydreams structured by the teacher. Guided Oral Practice Guided Practice Guided Practice is a form of scaffolding. It allows learners to attempt things they would not be capable of without assistance. In the classroom, guided practice usually looks like a combination of individual work, close observation by the teacher, and short segments of individual or whole class instruction. In computer based or Internet based learning, guided practice has come to mean instructions presented on the learners computer screen on which they can act. This action may be to perform some task using a program that is running at the same time, or it may be to interact with a simulation that is embedded in the program or web page. Guided Practice Guided Questioning A form of scaffolding for reading in which the teachers questions start out with many clues about what is happening in the reading, and then as comprehension improves, the questions become less supportive. Guided Reading Structured reading where short passages are read, then student interpretations are immediately recorded, discussed, and revised. Guided Writing Guided writing can take many forms. It can consist of a teacher making suggestions to an individual student, or it may be whole class brainstorming followed by a question and answer session to clarify specifically what will be written. In all forms of guided writing, the teachers role is to encourage student responses. Sample Guided Writing Lesson H-maps Habits of Mind Habits of Mind centers on the idea that students can learn more effectively if they regulate their own thought processes. Habits of Mind - NCREL Haiku Ham it up Hands-On Hands-On means any instructional activity that is emphasizes students working with objects relevant to the content being studied. Variations include: Hands-On Science, Hands-On Math, and so on. Helper Assigning responsibilities to students encourages responsibility and serves as a form of recognition and pride for many students. Being in charge of the student lunch count or clean-up of the play area helps students to learn leadership skills. Heterogeneous Grouping Heuristic Making an educated guess to reduce the amount of time needed to solve some types of problems. Hidden Word Game Writing sentences in which a word is hidden. For example: The school mouse ate a cherry for her morning snack. has the hidden word TEACHER (The school mouse aTE A CHERry for her morning snack.) Hierarchical Analysis Hierarchy A form of classification in which involves ranking a group of objects or concepts. Classification Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) In the simplest sense, higher order thinking is any thinking that goes beyond recall of basic facts. The two key reasons to improve higher order thinking skills are first, to enable students to apply facts to solve real world problems, and second, to improve retention of facts. In addition to the basic meaning of higher order thinking skills HOTS is also used to refer to a specific program designed to teach higher order thinking skills through the use of computers and the Socratic Method to teach thinking skills. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Program Highlighting Marking key concepts with a different color to emphasize importance. History FramesStory Maps Holistic Instruction Involves the use of problems or activities which are multi-dimensional or multidisciplinary. Usually involves long - term and authentic activities. Holistic Learning Involves the use of problems or activities which are multi-dimensional or multidisciplinary. Usually involves long - term and authentic activities. Homeschooling In this approach, parents take full responsibility for the education of their children by preparing and presenting lessons at home. Homeschool World Homework Homework is work done outside the classroom. Homework tends to fall into one of two categories. The commonest kind of homework is work assigned by the teacher that the student could theoretically have completed in class (given time). This kind of homework is intended to give students extra practice with skills or concepts that have already been presented or demonstrated. The second kind of homework is work that MUST be completed outside the classroom. This type of homework may be a project the student must complete on their own time or may be a kind of work that involves resources outside the classroom. HOMEWORK HELPS Homework Checking Homework can be checked by students, parents, teachers, or by peers of the student. There are benefits and liabilities to each of these approaches. From the standpoint of liabilities: if the only person checking the homework is the student, inexperience with the material may result in errors, even if a key is used. If homework is checked at home by parents, then the parent would help to correct any mistakes and the teacher (not seeing that the student had difficulty), would proceed too quickly to the next subject. If the only person correcting homework is the teacher, the time consumed for proper checking would take away from planning and preparation for other activities. Finally, allowing peers (fellow students) to check classmates homework bothers many because it results in a decrease in privacy for students who may not want peers to know his or her state of understanding. Peer Grading Passes Muster, Justices Agree Hot Potato Hot Seat HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) In the simplest sense, higher order thinking is any thinking that goes beyond recall of basic facts. The two key reasons to improve higher order thinking skills are first, to enable students to apply facts to solve real world problems, and second, to improve retention of facts. In addition to the basic meaning of higher order thinking skills HOTS is also used to refer to a specific program designed to teach higher order thinking skills through the use of computers and the Socratic Method to teach thinking skills. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Program Human Treasure Hunt Often used as an introductory activity. Good for introducing and relaxing students during the first week of class. Humor Humor can be helpful in motivating students and in creating a community spirit. Hypermedia Hypotheses A tentative explanation for patterns or observations. I Have Who Has Im Thinking of a Word Im Thinking of a Word (PDF) Im Watching Someone Behavior management technique where the teacher tells students that two students have been selected to be carefully observed, and if they behave well, the entire class will receive a reward. If the behavior was positive and there is a reward, the students are told who was being watched. Im Watching Someone Ive Done Something You Havent Done An ice breaker in which each student is challenged to describe to the class something they have done that they believe no one else in the class has done. Ice Breakers Activities designed to help people get acquainted in new situations or environments. Idea Recording Mechanisms to capture ideas whenever they occur. Idea Spinner Teacher creates a spinner marked into four quadrants and labeled Predict, Explain, Summarize, Evaluate. After new material is presented, the teacher spins the spinner and asks students to answer a question based on the location of the spinner. For example, if the spinner lands in the Summarize quadrant, the teacher might say, List the key concepts just presented. Ideatoons Problem-solving and creativity technique where students draw ideas on index cards, then rearrange the cards to search for new, possibly useful patterns. Identifying To identify an object or concept involves the student being able to recognize an object or concept to which the student was previously exposed. Illustrated Talks A form of lecture in which the speaker tells how to do something, or shares information with the audience, but does not show the audience how to do anything. The talk is supported by visual aids like charts, diagrams, and photographs. Illustrating Using pictures or diagrams to explain or decorate. IM (Instant Messenger) Imagineering Fusion of imagination and engineering. Visualize solutions to problems using existing scientific knowledge. Imitation Copy painting, style of writing, etc. Immersion In language immersion, all learning is carried out in a language that is not the students native language. In What Ways Might We (IWWMW) I W W M W - - - (In What Ways Might We----) (PDF) Inclusion Inclusion is the process of providing all students with the opportunity to participate in the school community regardless of their individual strengths or limitations. Incidental Learning Independent Practice Practice done without intervention by the teacher. This approach includes many activities done with a computer. Independent Reading Programs Programs in which students proceed at their own pace through reading and take assessments when they feel prepared. Accelerated Reading is one example of an Independent Reading Program. In some programs, students may choose their books from a pre-selected pool of books. In other cases, the reading is ordered and students read the books in a particular sequence. Independent Reading Program Index Card Individualization Individualized Instruction Induction Using information from specific facts or ideas to construct general principles. (compare to deduction) Induction Matrix A form of graphic organizer using a grid to compare concepts and categories. The matrix is filled in at the beginning of a lesson and as students learn more, they correct and update the matrix to reflect new knowledge. Inductive Inquiry Teaching that follows the cycle used in scientific inquiry. Steps usually include: searching the literature, making observations, generating hypotheses, designing and carrying out experiments, then analysis of results and restarting the cycle. The Logical Cycle of Inductive Inquiry Inductive Thinking Analyzing individual observations to come to general conclusions. Proceeding from facts to the big picture. Inferential Strategy Like DR-TA but occurs only before and after reading. Inferencing Chart Inferencing Map Inferring A thinking skill, demonstrated when a student can make conclusions based on reading or prior knowledge. Informal Knowledge Information Processing Model Information Processing theorists study learning in terms of how memories are acquired and then later accessed. Key theorists in this field include Robert M. Gagne and George A. Miller. Information Processing Theory (G. Miller) Gagnes Nine Events of Instruction: An Introduction Information Transfer Innovating Altering text or work in such a way that the original is still recognizable, but new concepts or contexts are introduced. Input Chart Inquiry A system in which students solve problems or answer questions by forming tentative answers (hypotheses), then collecting and analyzing data to provide evidence for or against their hypotheses. Inquiry Chart Inside-Outside Circle Review technique. Inside and outside circles of students face each other. Within each pair of facing students, students quiz each other with questions they have written. Outside circle moves to create new pairs. Repeat. Instant Messenger (IM) Integrative Learning Model A holistic approach that works to strengthen all aspects of a students life (academic, physical, personal, and emotional). Interactive Student Notebook Interactive Video Any of several systems that allow a user to interact with a video by making choices between video segments. Delivery modes can include: CD-ROM, DVD, or a computer linked to a VHS tape system. Interactive Writing Collaboration between the teacher and the student, with both writing parts of the final composition. Interdiscipinary Curriculum Interdisciplinary Teaching Traditional elementary and secondary classrooms divide instruction into categories (disciplines) such as reading, math, and social studies. Interdisciplinary teaching involves any effort on the part of an instructor to design learning activities with products and activities to related to more than one discipline. What is InterdisciplinaryCross-Curricular Teaching Interest Talk Interpolation of Data Given a set of data, students are asked to calculate an expected value that occurs between two given data points. Interviews Interviews may be by the student or may be a form of assessment of the student. Intra-Act Students valuing of reading is expressed by students responses to opinion questions and their predictions of classmates opinions on a game sheet. Invented Spelling Invented spelling is a natural product that occurs as children begin learning to write. Children attempt to use the sounds of the letters they know to write words whose spelling they do not know. How the teacher responds to the invented spelling differs in different types of classrooms. In more holistic approaches to literacy, students are encouraged to experiment and the invented spelling may or not be corrected depending on the purpose of the writing. During the first few years of school, children gradually replace their invented spellings with those acquired through formal instruction. Invented Spelling Invention An open-ended problem-solving task. Is the process of creating something to fill a need. Invention Teaching A constructivist approach. Students begin learning with an activity (as in Discovery Teaching), but students may generate many possible solutions. Students acquire basic and advanced knowledge in random order. Inventory Questioning Inventory questions are designed to collect information about students interests, to activate prior knowledge, or to help students become aware of their existing beliefs and background. Often used when dealing with controversial issues, or in the form of a personal inventory to explore emotional problems or limitations. SAMPLE INTEREST INVENTORY QUESTIONS Inverted Pyramid A writing format in which the most important information is presented first, followed by the next most important information, and closing with the least important information. Most commonly used in news reporting, but useful in teaching students to learn to prioritize information. Also called the Journalism Model. Inverted pyramid story format Investigation Identifying what is known about a topic. Three basic types are: Definitional (What are. ), Historical (How. or Why. ), and Projective (What if. ). IWWMW (In What Ways Might We) I W W M W - - - (In What Ways Might We----) (PDF) Jeopardy Like the television game. Many variations (individual or team competitions). Board with answers is prepared in advance (for overhead or on large cardboard sheet). Students respond with acceptable question. Jigsaw Cooperative activity. The basic steps include: reading, meeting with expert groups, report back to main team, demonstrate knowledge through a test or report. Jigsaw II Cooperative activity. Basic steps: Read with group, discuss individual topic with expert groups, report back to team (to teach them what you learned in your expert group), test, team recognition. Jobs When working with high school students or adults, making connections between classroom learning and the students out of class jobs helps students understand the value of what they are learning. Jokes Amusing story or description that can be told by the teacher to activate interest. Alternatively, students can create topic-related jokes to demonstrate understanding of concepts. Journal A form of writing. Typically done for a few minutes each day. The writing is done in a notebook and is often used to encourage reflection or exploration of ideas of interest to the students. Journal writing is typically not graded, and in some instances, is not read by anyone but the student. In other instances, the journal can be used to establish an ongoing written dialog between the student and the teacher. Journals in the Classroom Journalism Model A writing format in which the most important information is presented first, followed by the next most important information, and closing with the least important information. Most commonly used in news reporting, but useful in teaching students to learn to prioritize information. Also called the Inverted Pyramid. Judging A form of critical thinking that involves forming opinions about a topic. Jumble Jumbled Summary Teacher presents randomly ordered key words and phrases from a lesson to students. Students put the terms and phrases in a logical order to show understanding. Justifying To explain why one choice is better than another. Typically used as part of an assessment that asks students to justify or explain the merits of their answers. Key Word Asking student to find keywords, or supplying keywords to students Keyhole Strategy A writing format in which the author begins with the main idea, narrows the idea until the end of the first paragraph, uses the body of the writing consists of well-rounded paragraphs, then in the last paragraph, builds to a broad conclusion. Diagrammed, the format looks like an old-fashioned keyhole. Keys In classes where students are allowed to check their own homework, teachers can provide a notebook containing detailed answer keys demonstrating how to do complex problems or examples of desirable answers. Sometimes used in Independent Reading Programs or Mastery Learning to allow students to learn at their own pace. The Answer Key books are usually kept on the teachers desk or a table nearby to ensure that students try problems on their own and only check their answers under supervision. Keyword Memory Method In the keyword method, students generate keywords that are similar to the concepts to be memorized, then put the keywords into an arrangement that can be mentally pictured. For example, given the task of memorizing St. Paul is the capital of Minnesota, the student would first break up the phrase into five related words: saint paul cap mini soda. Finally the student would image their favorite Paul with a halo as a cap and drinking a very small soda. Keywords: A Memorization Strategy (PDF) Keyword Strategy The use of keyword memory methods to build vocabulary KJ Method Creativity or problem-solving technique in which ideas are written on cards, then the cards are grouped, and finally the grouped ideas are classified. KJ-Method Knowledge Grammy Awards Near the completion of a unit, students nominate and vote on which knowledge was most useful to them. Knowledge Rating Before reading, students skim reading and select words from the reading, then rate their familiarity with the words. In some instances, teachers may give students preselected words to rate. Knowledge Rating Sheet Known-to-Unknown An instructional approach in which objectives are presented to learners beginning with known concepts and proceeding to unknown concepts. Compare to: Chronological, General-to-Specific, Part-to-Part-to-Part, Part-to-Whole, Part-to-Whole-to Part, Spiral, Step-by-Step, Topical, Unknown-to-Known, Whole-to-Part KWHL Know, Want to know, How to find out, Learn KWHL - NCREL KWL Know, Want to know, Learn Students identify what they know about a topic, what they want to know, and after reading or instruction, identify what they learned or would still like to learn. KWL - NCREL Lab Practical Labeling A form of classification that includes categorizing and then naming a concept, object, action, or event. Laboratory Classroom activities performed in an environment that fosters inquiry through experimentation and exploration. Laboratories typically have specialized equipment to permit students to perform experiments in biology, chemistry, physics, meteorology, geology, and occasionally psychology. Laddering Changing a discussion to consider categories that are either more inclusive or less inclusive than the level of the current topic. For example, in a science class, the group might ladder up if they switch from discussing primates to a discussion of all mammals. The group would be laddering down if the switched from discussing primates in general to a discussion of gorillas. Laddering up tends to result in more abstract discussions while laddering down to the lowest levels results in more concrete discussions. Laddering Language Experience Approach LARC (Left and Right Creativity) Use drawing to stimulate right brain, then harness to left brain to creatively solve problems. Lateral Thinking Edward de Bonos approach to problem-solving and creativity. Lateral thinking consists of changing your perspective to solve a problem (for example, if baby endangers Christmas tree, instead of putting baby in playpen, put tree in playpen). Dont limit yourself by only considering intended uses. Lateral Thinking (DeBono) Learner Analysis Learner Profiling Learning by Association Learning Centers Individual stations where individual or paired students explore resources. Designed to extend knowledge introduced in whole group instruction. Learning Contract A form of individualized, active learning, in which the student proposes a course of study to satisfy an academic requirement and a teacher checks and approves the contract. The student typically works independently until assistance is needed from the teacher, at which point it is the responsibility of the student to ask for help. This form of instruction is becoming more common in universities and in distance learning. A second variety of learning contract is sometimes undertaken with elementary or secondary students in which the teacher takes a more active role and the function of the contract is to focus the students attention on specific skills or concepts to be learned. Learning Contract Maker Learning in Context Learning Labs A learning lab is an environment that provides tools and educational support to enable learners to explore content at their own pace. There are many varieties of learning labs. Computer learning labs typically consist of rooms full of networked computers or work stations along with at least one human assistant. Math learning labs may be nothing but an empty classroom with a few reference books and one or more math tutors who roam the room to assist learners as they work. Language learning labs typically provide audio playing and recording equipment to allow learners to listen to the language they are learning. Learning Log Students write responses to teacher questions as summary of what they have learned or what they do not understand. Used for reflection and to inform teacher of progress. Learning Modules Like a portable learning center. Many are designed to be used as the primary instruction on a subject and arent preceded by whole class instruction. Learning Packets Designed by a teacher to help student make up missed work due to absence. Learning Posts Learning Stations Individual stations where individual or paired students explore resources. Designed to extend knowledge introduced in whole group instruction. Learning Style Inventory Assessments taken by students to learn about their learning styles and preferences. Index of Learning Styles Questionnaire Keirsey Temperament Sorter Learning Styles While each of us learns differently, we can categorize an individuals strength and weaknesses for a number of different factors which affect the way we learn. It is possible to refer to someone as a visual learner or a person who prefers step-by-step directions. By assessing, and then planning for each students individual learning style, a teacher can improve the chances that each student will learn. Keirsey Temperament Sorter II - Online Personality Test Learning Together Learning Together, developed by David and Roger Johnson, is a set of step-by-step instructions to assist teachers in managing a cooperative classroom. Superseded by Circles of Learning. Learning Together and Alone Cooperative learning approach, as outlined by David W. Johnson and Roger T. Johnson. Unlike other cooperative learning strategies which tend to be periodic activities, Learning Together and Alone provides guidelines for the creation of a generalized cooperative classroom. Lecture A direct instructional method. The teacher talks with the purpose of transmitting information. Lectures may, but often dont, include visual aids or notes to accompany the talking. Left and Right Creativity (LARC) Use drawing to stimulate right brain, then harness to left brain to creatively solve problems. Less is More Letter Activities Activities designed to help young children make connections between the appearance of letters and their sounds. Usually includes a tactile or kinesthetic component (making a snake out of clay and forming it into the letter S for example). Letter and Sound Relationships Letter activities that concentrate on pairing letters and letter combinations that result in the same sound. Letter Games Letter activities to which an element of competition or fun has been added. Letter games Letter Writing A writing activity that encourages students to think about a specific audience. Letters From Last Years Class At the end of the school year, have students write letters for your future students. These letters can include tips, activities to look forward to, or a description of some of the new concepts they can look forward to learning in the coming year. At the beginning of the next school year, put these letters on the desks of your new students. Letters From Last Years Class Leveled Books Sets of books of varying difficulty. Typically students will be matched with books in the set based on each students ongoing assessments and previous achievements with other books that are leveled. Leveled Books Database Library Assistant Acting as an assistant in the library not only provides students with an opportunity for Service Learning, but also teaches academic skills related to reading, categorization, use of computers, and social skills as student volunteers interact with library users. Library Research Many projects require research in the library to enable students to supplement the information they can find in their textbooks and on the Internet. To further encourage library research, teachers can provide guidelines for projects and writing assignments to encourage students to become familiar with using resources in the library. Seven Steps to Effective Library Research Guidelines for Effective Library Research Life Chart Line Graph Line-Up Student teams are given concepts that can be put in order. Each team member holds one concept and the members line up to represent the correct order. LINK (List, Inquire, Note, Know) An activity to help students activate prior knowledge before beginning a new topic. Link System of Memorization Link one item to another to form a mental link. Uses visualization. List - Group - Label An activity to help students activate prior knowledge before beginning a new topic. Student teams divide list of key words into groups, then label each group. List, Inquire, Note, Know (LINK) An activity to help students activate prior knowledge before beginning a new topic. Listen-Read-Discuss Listen-Think-Pair-Share Students listen to questions, individually think about a response, discuss their ideas with a partner, then share their ideas with the class. Listening Center Audio center where students can listen individually to books on tape, music, news, language lessons, taped stories, or other audio resources. Listening Comprehension Activities to promote active and critical listening. Activities often include reading passages aloud, then assessing student understanding through written or oral feedback. Listing Making lists of words, objects or ideas. Can be used to organize thoughts before a writing activity, or as an assessments to demonstrate the ability to recall. Literature Circles Literature Search As a part of inquiry or research, students often need to search existing literature to find what is currently known about a topic. Libraries have specialized search tools students can use for a variety of topics. Internet searches typically use a combination of keyword searches on the Internet along with following a trail of references from known articles to find related work by known authors. How to conduct a literature search Live Plants and Animals Providing live plants and animals in the classroom gives students the opportunity to learn respect for living things. Caring for living things enables students to learn responsibility. Careful observation and handling of living things in the classroom enhances the learning of many concepts. Living Art Locating Locating is to show or find the position of something. Students can find the location of places on a map, or demonstrate the location of a concept relative to other concepts in a hierarchy. Long-term Projects These projects are usually centered either on a theme, or to research and propose answers to open-ended questions. Longitudinal Study Looping Looping describes an approach to writing and also describes the practice having a teacher teach the same class for more than one year. As an approach to writing looping encourages writers to write quickly (stream of consciousness), followed by reviewing what has been written and selecting key points from the writing to serve as the basis for another round of quick, but more focused writing. The student continues looping until the product of the writing meets the original specifications. Lotus Blossom Technique From central idea, propose eight new ideas. For each of eight ideas, propose and evaluate necessary details to implement ideas. Luck of the Draw All students names are put into a container. At the end of class, a students name is drawn at random from the container. At the beginning of the next class the student whose name was drawn is required to present a 3-5 minute review of the previous days lesson. Lunch with the Teacher A good way for the teacher to get to know each student in a casual environment. Individual students or pairs of students eat lunch and socialize with the teacher. For young children, this experience is often enhanced if the teacher brings some small treat (a few cookies) to to share Lurking M-Learning (Mobile Learning) Magazines Used as a real world source of information. Magic Square Making Words Managing Having students manage an activity or group to give students experience with management and planning skills. Manipulatives Manipulatives are objects used in the classroom to allow students to make connections to concepts through touch. Examples might include a bag of beans for counting, or a microscope for scientific inquiry. How to Make the Most of Math Manipulatives Map Making Student map making can be tied to many objectives related to mathematics, social studies, art, reading, and problem solving. Map MakingFloor PlansMap Reading - Lesson Plans Treasure Hunt Map Reading As a classroom activity, older students can be given maps and asked to find places or resources. Younger students can be given maps to local places and taught to orient themselves using the maps (orienteering). Marathons Mark It Up Mascot Creation or selection of a class mascot to promote a group identity. Mastery Grading Mastery Learning Objectives for learning are established and communicated to students. Students progress at own speed and continue to work until their performance indicates they have mastered each set of objectives. (see criterion-referenced assessment) Mastery Learning - Huitt Match Mine Pair activity in which one student draws, while the other waits, then the second student tries to copy the drawing of the first using only descriptions supplied by the first student. Matching Making matches can be done in many contexts. For younger students, cards can be matched if they have identical pictures or symbols. As they advance, cards with symbols or pictures can be matched with the real objects they represent. More mature students can match words with their definitions or mathematical expressions with their solutions. Matrix Sampling Meal Planning Lessons in which students plan meals can be used to teach skills in math, science, social studies, reading, and writing. Nutrition on the Net -- Healthful Activities for Every Grade Meaningful Sentences Given vocabulary terms, students can be shown sentences in which the terms are used in a context that helps them to understand the meaning of the terms, or as an assessment, students can be asked to write meaningful sentences containing key words. Meaningful Use Tasks A category of tasks described by Robert J. Marzano, et. al. Typically they are long-term, allow students to make choices, and require students to apply what they have learned. Measuring Activities to determine the size, extent, or dimensions of objects or values. A Tour of Measurement Medium Size Circle First, 5-10 volunteers share something important they learned. Second, volunteers remember (restate) what one first people shared. Continue until each of the original speakers have been remembered. Memorization Actively organizing and working with concepts or terminology to improve incorporating those concepts into memory. Mental Arithmetic Techniques Techniques to allow students to approximate answers to math problems. Mental math or mental arithmetic is important to allow students to be able to recognize when the answers they obtain using calculators are accurate. BEATCALC: Beat the Calculator Mental Models Students enter learning situations with existing knowledge. This knowledge is organized into patterns or models that help them explain phenomena. Learning involves adding to or altering the learners existing mental models. Mentors Teachers and individuals from the community can act as mentors. A Guide to the Mentor Program Listings (Canada and US Programs) Message Board A place where teachers and students can post information or work that may be of interest to others in the classroom. Message in a Bottle Metacognition Metacognition is thinking about thinking. Learners monitor their own thought processes to decide if they are learning effectively. Taking a learning styles inventory, then altering study habits to fit what was learned about preferences would be an example of a metacognitive activity. Metacognition Metaphors Metaphors can be used as examples by teachers, or students can form metaphors. Microteaching A form of practice teaching in which the student prepares a short (6-15 minute) lesson and presents the lesson to peers for constructive evaluation. Millionaire Game Mind Map A graphic way of organizing information to show the interrelationships between concepts. Mind Mapping Mini-Dialogues Mini-Lesson Minimalism John M. Carrolls approach to instructional design that stresses the importance of providing learners with meaningful tasks early in instruction and allowing them to make and then correct errors. Rather than guiding users step-by-step through a new learning situation, learners are given tasks to try and then supported as they make mistakes. This approach is often used in the design of instruction for users of computer systems and software. Minimalism Minute Papers An end-of-class reflection in which students write briefly to answer the questions: What did you learn today and What questions do you still have ASSESSING STUDENTS AND YOURSELF USING THE ONE MINUTE PAPER AND OBSERVING STUDENTS WORKING COOPERATIVELY One Minute Papers Missing Words Mix and Match Students make pairs or sets from randomly ordered objects or concepts on cards. MixFreezeGroup In this activity, the teacher poses questions to which the answer is a whole number and the students (as a group) answer the question by moving through the classroom to form groups of that size. For example, if the question were, How much is 24 divided by 8 the students would cluster to form groups of 3. Mix, Match, Freeze Mnemonics Any of several techniques or devices used to help remember or memorize names or concepts. Mobile Learning (M-Learning) Mock Trials Students learn about the legal system by assuming the roles of lawyers, witnesses, and judges to act out hypothetical legal cases. Mock Trial Society - Home page Modeling Teachers model behaviors or skills. Models Many forms of models are used in the classroom. In the concrete sense, teachers can provide three-dimensional objects (such as globes or models of molecules) for students to explore. Models can also be conceptual. The idea that the Earth revolves around the sun is part of a model of the the structure of the solar system. Modifying Useful in the classroom as a scaffolding tool. Provide students with models or information that are nearly correct or complete and allow students to modify the model or information to make it more complete. Module Monitor Student monitors as a mechanism to teach responsibility. Morning Message Morphological Analysis Analysis of the meaning of words based on their sub-parts (morphemes). Morphological Analysis Most Important Word A during reading strategy in which the teacher reminds the students to think about the most important words for a particular reading assignment. The teacher gives some examples of some important words, then students work in groups to identify others. Move-Freeze-Pair Muddiest Point A question used to stimulate metacognitive thinking. Students are asked to name or describe the concept they understand the least (their muddiest point). The Muddiest Point (used in e-mail) Multi-age Groupings A classroom that includes children of many ages and ability levels. Information for Parents About Nongraded (Multi-Age) Elementary School Multicultural Education Programs Programs that focus on teaching children about other cultures, or adapting teaching to fit the cultures of the children being taught. Cultural Background - NCREL Teaching Tolerance Tolerance. org Multimedia Typically refers to the presentation of information using a computer and including text-based, audio, and visual components. Multiple Cause with Effect Multiple Cause with Multiple Effects Multiple Intelligences Theory Howard Gardners theory proposing that each person has many intelligences (including linguistic, spatial, musical, etc.). These intelligences work together. Educators should design instruction to foster the growth of all intelligences. Multiple Intelligences - Armstrong Multiple Solutions Require students to find all acceptable solutions, not just the best. Music Songs for Teaching My Name Ice breaker activity in which students stand and explain what they know about the origin of their name. It could be to explain why they were given their particular first or middle names, or it could be to describe a little about the history of their family name. Names Learning student names early is an effective way to minimize the potential for misbehavior and establish positive relationships with students. The Name Game Naming A thinking skill requiring the learner to identify objects or concepts by name. One specific form of naming (Rapid Automatized Naming) is used as an assessment of learners ability to acquire literacy skills. Nature Walks A form of field trip in which students explore and observe objects in their natural environment. Nature Study - (Charlotte Masons Cure for Tired Text-taught Tots) Negative Brainstorming Like brainstorming, but participants propose things NOT to do or ideas that are NOT examples. Especially useful with young children in starting a list of student-generated rules. First have students generate actions not to do, then ask students to rephrase the ideas in a more positive way. Negative Brainstorming New Math Newscast Newscasts written and produced by students. Newscasts can either be about current happenings, or be used to explore historical events. Newsletters Ask students to make suggestions or write parts of the class newsletter to be sent home tom parents. Classroom Newsletters Newspaper Assignment for Cooperative Learning Groups make their own newspapers following guidelines from the teacher. Newspapers Newspapers as a real world source of content, or as a product produced by students. Using Newspapers in the Classroom NEWSPAPERS IN EDUCATION - A sampling of ideas for using newspapers in your classroom No Hesitation Nominal Group Technique A formal structure to facilitate group problem-solving in a way that encourages all members to participate. Nominal Group Technique (NGT) Non-examples A technique used in direct instruction to help students distinguish between similar concepts. Nondirective Model A student-centered teaching model. Nonlinguistic Representations Nonsense Norm-referenced Assessments Students are compared to each other. The students with the best performance (on tests, presentations, etc.) receive the highest marks. Grades will be distributed over a range (typically A through F) and not all students can receive the highest marks. (compare to criterion-referenced assessment) Norm-Referenced Note-Taking The process of recording information presented by a teacher for the purpose of improving recall or understanding by the student. Notes typically include a combination of direct quotes of what a teacher says, diagrams, and additions by the student to add emphasis or to indicate areas where outside study may be required. Note-taking Systems Note-Taking Strategies Novelty A motivational technique to engage student early in instruction. Share something unusual with students to arouse curiosity. Novel Study Packet Numbered Heads Together Each student is assigned a number. Members of group work together to agree on answer. Teacher randomly selects one number. Student with that number answers for group. Nutshelling A form of summary. It usually involves asking a student to examine synthesize a brief statement that captures the essence of all that has been written or stated to that point. Often used in writing classes to help students find the key points in their own writing. Nutshelling: Shrinking and then Growing Anew Objectives Share objectives with students to allow them to help plan learning activities to help them reach the objectives. Observation Observation of student by teacher. Observations may be used during performance assessments, or simply to gather informal information about an individual students needs and achievements. Observation Logs An observation log is a form of journal kept by a student to assist in guiding observation. Students typically are asked to answer specific questions during the course of keeping an observation log. This technique is often employed in teacher education to guide students during their observation of classroom teachers. Using an Observation Log to enhance studies in biology Observational Learning Albert Banduras learning theory stating that much human learning occurs through our observation of the behavior of others. This theory is now often called social learning model or theory. Observations Observations made by students. Observe a Leaf - Lesson Plan Odd One Out Olympiads Olympiads are formally regulated contests to stimulate interest and enthusiasm for a particular topic. International Science (and Math) Olympiads International Geographic Olympiad One Sentence Summary Students are asked to write a single summary sentence that answers the who, what, where, when, why, how questions about the topic. One Word Summary Select (or invent) one word which best summarizes a topic. Write 2-3 sentences justifying the selection of the summary word. One-way Presentation One-way presentation describes any format in which the learner is passive and information is presented to the learner. One-way presentation modes include video, lecture, and demonstrations. Online Assessments Online Games Online Lessons Open Discussion Open discussion is the least structured form of discussion. The teacher sets the boundaries by describing the general topic for the discussion, but the direction of the discussion follows student interests within that topic. Open Text Recitation A form of recitation in which students can use their books, notes, or other texts to support their answers. Open-Ended Assessments Open-ended Question Open-ended Task Open-Response Task Operant Conditioning B. F. Skinners elaboration of basic behaviorist beliefs. Skinner believed that individuals learned when their responses to stimuli were reinforced. Operant Conditioning Opinion-Proof Opinion Sampling Opinion sampling can be used either as an assignment for students. Teachers may also collect student opinions for the purpose of altering classroom structure. OPV (Other Peoples Views) Edward de Bonos strategy for examining the perspectives of others. Other Peoples Viewpoints Oral Examination Oral Presentation Oral presentations are a form of direct instruction. Lectures are the most common form of oral presentation in the classroom. Other forms of oral presentation include talks given to describe a project or research findings. Oral Presentation Advice Oral Reading Oral reading of existing texts can be used to scaffold learning of vocabulary, pronunciation, and connections to related topics. During the writing process, oral reading becomes a proofreading strategy. Ordering Putting objects, concepts, or numbers in order. Organic Model An educational reform movement in which teachers collaborate to govern school policies and practices rather then following standardized guidelines handed down from distant policy makers. Organizing Organizing can include many different forms of interaction with objects and concepts. Organizing may include classifying, ordering, ranking, and comparing. Other Peoples Views (OPV) Edward de Bonos strategy for examining the perspectives of others. Other Peoples Viewpoints Outcome Sentences Outcome-Based Education Outcome-based Learning A school reform structure that typically requires students to pass specific exit exams or pass exit performances by the time they finish the program. Instruction is adapted to guarantee 100 of the students can meet these exit requirements. Outlines An outline is a skeletal version of some larger presentation or writing. Outlines usually include phrases or sentences that are critical to the topic and are arranged in the same order that the concepts will be (or were) presented in the final version. Outlines may be used to guide the creation process in writing or planning, during a lecture to help students follow the concepts being presented, or by students in their note-taking or studying. Outside Experts Outside experts can be used as guest speakers, volunteer to assist during projects, or as evaluators of student work. P-I-E (Point, Illustrations, Explanation) A writing strategy to remind students about the key parts of a paragraph. As a cue, you can ask them if their paragraph has all the pieces of the P-I-E (Point-Illustrations-Explanation). Paideia Approach A school model in which all students follow the same rigorous program designed to provide a deep, liberal education. Traditional grading is discouraged and there is an emphasis on classical texts and Socratic methods. Paideia - Philosophy and Method Painting While typically restricted to elementary classes or to art classes at the higher levels, painting can be used in a wide variety of classes to encourage creative thinking and problem-solving. At all levels, planning and executing a painting involves the integration of many skills and promotes the development of higher order thinking. Pair Problem Solving A problem-solving technique in which one member of the pair is the thinker who thinks aloud as they try to solve the problem, and the other member is the listener who analyzes and provides feedback on the thinkers approach. Pair Project Pair projects take two basic forms. In the commonest form, two students work together to accomplish some task. The task may be to produce a tangible object (like a poster or model) or may be to make a presentation to the class. The more global form of pair project is for classes in different parts of the world to collaborate on a project. The students perform similar activities in both locations then compare results. Pair Review Paired Annotations Paired Annotations Paired Comparisons A structured method for comparing many objects or ideas that involves creating a matrix, comparing each pair individually, then using the paired comparisons to generate a ranked list. Paired Comparison Paired Verbal Fluency A form of brainstorming. Used to warm - up students before a whole class discussion. Student 1 in pair remembers while student 2 listens. Roles switch. Repeat twice. Pairs Check Pairs work together and check each others work. Pairs Worksheet Panel of Experts PALS (Peer Assisted Learning Strategies) A structured reading strategy in which pairs of students use Paragraph Shrinking, Partner Reading, and Prediction Relays. PALS - Peer Assisted Learning Strategies Panels In a panel discussion, a small group acts as experts to answer the questions of the people in the larger group. In a classroom setting, students are selected to become experts on a topic and are given at least a day to prepare for the discussion. Panel discussions can also be held using outside experts. Pantomime The expression of ideas using only movement and gestures. One form of pantomime commonly used in the classroom is the narrative pantomime. In narrative pantomime, the leader (usually the teacher) reads a passage of text and the others in the groups act out the passage to demonstrate the ideas using their movements. Paper Pass Paradoxes Paradoxes are statements, or sets of statements, that appear to be contradictory. Using paradoxes in the classroom can encourage problem-solving, critical thinking, and logical thinking skills. Paragraph Hamburger Paragraph Hamburger Paragraph Shrinking Partners read in pairs. For the first paragraph, one reads and the other summarizes by stating the main idea of that paragraph. The partners then switch roles for the second paragraph. Paragraph Writing Strategy There are many different formal strategies to help students compose paragraphs. The one thing these strategies all share is that they are similar to strategies for writing larger compositions, but are sometimes more explicit about the number of ideas to use in constructing a single paragraph. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing involves careful reading, then rewriting the ideas of the author in your own words. Learning to paraphrase is critical to understanding how to do research from texts, then properly cite those texts without plagiarizing. Parents Parents can assist in learning in an infinite number of ways. By keeping parents informed about the progress of their child and how they can help, parents can be involved both inside and outside the classroom. Just a few of the roles for parents include: coaching, tutoring, chaperoning, classroom assistant, and providing physical and emotional help during those times when a single person (the teacher) cant do everything. Including Families in Programs for Young Children Part-to-Part-to-Part An instructional approach in which objectives are presented to learners repeatedly, but each time parts of the curriculum are presented deeper concepts are explored. Compare to: Chronological, General-to-Specific, Known-to-Unknown, Part-to-Whole, Part-to-Whole-to Part, Spiral, Step-by-Step, Topical, Unknown-to-Known, Whole-to-Part Part-to-Whole An instructional approach in which objectives are presented to learners beginning with parts of the curriculum, then relationships between the parts are presented, and finally learners can incorporate the parts as a whole. Compare to: Chronological, General-to-Specific, Known-to-Unknown, Part-to-Part-to-Part, Part-to-Whole-to Part, Spiral, Step-by-Step, Topical, Unknown-to-Known, Whole-to-Part Part-to-Whole-to-Part An instructional approach (often used in reading) in which objectives are presented to learners in chronological order. Compare to: Chronological, General-to-Specific, Known-to-Unknown, Part-to-Part-to-Part, Part-to-Whole, Spiral, Step-by-Step, Topical, Unknown-to-Known, Whole-to-Part Partner Discussion Any discussion involving exactly two people. This is a flexible strategy that allows the maximum number of students to verbally express their ideas at the same time. Typically, partner discussions are prompted by a single question, but longer partner discussions can occur if the partners are assigned a larger project. Partner Reading Pairs of students read together and the listener corrects the active reader. One special form of partner reading is called Reading Buddies. Reading buddies are pairs whose members are several years apart. Password PATIO Pattern Forming The ability to recognize and create patterns is central to many different fields. The use of lessons with pattern forming activities is typically started in pre-schools and continues into higher education. Bear Mini-Unit, Lesson 4: Patterning with Bears PBL (Problem-Based Learning) Inductive teaching method. No direct instruction. Teacher poses authentic (real-world) problem. Students learn particular content and skills as they work cooperatively to solve the problem. Peer Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS) A structured reading strategy in which pairs of students use Paragraph Shrinking, Partner Reading, and Prediction Relays. PALS - Peer Assisted Learning Strategies Peer Editing Students read and give feedback on the work of their peers. Peer editing is not only useful as a tool to improve students analytical skills, but also provides students with an alternative audience for their work. Peer Editing Peer Evaluation Students evaluate presentations or work of fellow students. Peer Questioning Students ask questions of each other. Often occurs during student presentations. Guided Reciprocal Peer Questioning Peer Teaching Peer Tutoring Includes a wide variety of approaches in which instruction is delivered by a person close in age or achievement to the person receiving instruction. Peg Word System of Memorization Uses visualization to remember words associated with particular numbers. Penpals A long term arrangement to exchange letters with another individual. Used in classrooms to improve literacy, encourage exploration of ideas from other cultures, and sometimes to learn new languages. KeyPals Club International Performance Assessments Performance assessments involve the comparison of a learners behavior to an established guideline or rubric. The guidelines can be a single condition - or complicated multi-page rubrics with carefully described levels of performance for each action or behavior. Performance Assessment - NCREL Performance of Skills Skills might include touch typing, use of scientific equipment, drawing, etc. Perspectives Students might be asked to analyze perspectives, or take another perspective. Phenomena maps A structure to help students understand events and their interactions. Phillips 66 Divide students into groups of six and give them six minutes to perform some task. Tasks may range from simple discussion to the solving of complex problems. Phoneme Phonemic Awareness Most young children perceive words as whole, indivisible entities. As children develop, they acquire the understanding that words are made up of smaller units called syllables, and eventually that syllables are composed of even smaller units called phonemes. Once children are aware of the nature of words and phonemes and how to break words apart into those corresponding sounds, they are usually ready to learn to read. Until they have reached this step, it is difficult for children to make the connection between the written letters of the alphabet and spoken sounds. Phonemic Awareness: An Important Early Step in Learning To Read Phonics Reading and writing instruction that formally associates sounds with letters of the alphabet. Beginning readers are urged to sound out a word by saying the sound of each letter in an unfamiliar word, then blending individual sounds to deduce the written word. Photographed Vocabulary Photographs Pictionary Picture Dictionaries Picture Mapping Picture Walk Pictorial Autobiography Students create collages representing their interests, background, or culture. Students can either share them and explain them to the class, or post them anonymously to allow students to try to guess which collage belongs to which student. Picture Mapping A form of graphic organizer similar to story mapping. Instead of diagraming using keywords, however, the concepts are illustrated with pictures. Picture Word Inductive Model (PWIM) Inductive, inquiry-based vocabulary-building strategy that presents new words in conjunction with photographs. Ping-Pong with Lists Placemat PLAN A writing strategy by Edwin S. Ellis consisting of the following components: Preview audience, goals, words. List main ideas details. Assign numbers to indicate order. Note ideas in complete sentences. PLAN (PredictLocateAddNote) A readingstudy skills strategy. PLAN - PredictLocateAddNote Planning Activities in which students plan some or all of the activity encourage engagement by students and help to develop metacognitive skills. Planning a hypothetical activity (like a trip to Jupiter) helps students make connections between theoretical concepts and their daily lives. Plays Planning and performing plays in the classroom can improve reading and performance skills and help to motivate learners who benefit from social interactions and the hands-on aspects of drama. All the Classrooms a Stage Plus, Minus, Interesting (PMI) A decision-making strategy devised by Edward de Bono. Students silently list positive, negative, and other aspects of a problem or solution. Aspects are shared as a group list. All alternatives are considered before decision is made. PMI (Plus, Minus, Interesting) A decision-making strategy devised by Edward de Bono. Students silently list positive, negative, and other aspects of a problem or solution. Aspects are shared as a group list. All alternatives are considered before decision is made. Poetry Writing Because poetry encourages students to express ideas in imaginative, highly connected ways, writing poetry can be used in many kinds of classrooms. April Is Poetry Month Online Poetry Classroom Poetry for the Elementary Classroom Point Counterpoint Presentations of arguments for, then against a particular proposal. Point-Counterpoint formats would encompass essays written by a single person, all the way up to full class debates with teams taking varying opposing viewpoints. This approach is often used in the exploration of controversial topics. Point Counterpoint--A Method for Teaching Critical Thinking Point, Illustrations, Explanation (P-I-E) A writing strategy to remind students about the key parts of a paragraph. As a cue, you can ask them if their paragraph has all the pieces of the P-I-E (Point-Illustrations-Explanation). Poll Pop Quiz Assessment given without notice. Usually written, and used to motivate students to study each day. PORPE (Predict, Organize, Rehearse, Practice, and Evaluate) A strategy to help students prepare for exams by having them predict the questions on the exam. Portfolio Portfolios are carefully selected samples of student work accompanied by formal criteria to allow the reader to judge the materials in the portfolio. Portfolios typically include work selected by the student to show their best work, some pieces to show progress, and other work that reflects on what was learned and what remains to be learned. Portfolios - NCREL Position Paper A form of writing in which students take a position, then use information from one or more written materials to support that position. Position Papers for Psychology 3VV3 Positive Profile Students analyze characters from reading by completing a personality evaluation form that includes positive characteristics such as hobbies, strengths, and smartest action performed. Possible Sentences A pre-reading strategy in which students are presented with vocabulary words from the reading. Students choose pairs of vocabulary words and use these two words to write sentences that may appear in the reading. After the reading students evaluate the correctness of their sentences, and sometimes correct them. Possible Sentences Possible Sentences Posters Student-created posters can be used at any stage of instruction. During early exposure to concepts, students can create mini-posters providing an visual overview of what they already know of a topic. Later in instruction, assigning a poster format encourages students to organize and prioritize materials. Group posters encourage negotiating and team skills as students debate how best to illustrate concepts. Posters can also be combined with other forms such as oral presentations and visually enhanced essays. Commercially made posters are useful as quick reference and to augment lectures or discussions. Posttests Power Thinking Practice In learning cognitive skills, repeated exposure to concepts through practice increases the probability the student will remember the concept. In learning physical skills, practice not only teaches basic skills but also conditions the body to be better able to perform the motions associated with those skills. Distributed Practice: The Research Base (PDF) Praise Verbal or written expressions of approval used by teachers to motivate students. While praise has historically been viewed as an effective means to reinforce learning, recent research indicates positive effects are seen only with certain types of praise and when used with certain types of students. The Power of Written Praise Precis Writing A form of abstraction or summary. Precision Teaching A method of planning and delivering instruction based on a students own measurement of their frequency in performing (or not performing) certain observable actions. Precision Teaching: Concept Definition and Guiding Principles Predict Check Connect A reading strategy by Edwin S. Ellis encouraging predictions based on the beginning of a text. Predict, Organize, Rehearse, Practice, and Evaluate (PORPE) A strategy to help students prepare for exams by having them predict the questions on the exam. PredictLocateAddNote (PLAN) A readingstudy skills strategy. PLAN - PredictLocateAddNote Predictable Books The use of books with predictable plot elements or other uses of repetition and pattern to enhance student engagement and encourage students to make predictions. Predictable Books Prediction Pairs Students are paired as they listen to the teacher read a passage aloud. At each pause in the reading, the teacher prompts students to discuss with their partner what they predict will happen next in the reading. Prediction Relay Extension of Paragraph Shrinking which partners are asked to think ahead. Predictions Students make predictions to indicate extended understanding of concepts. Preinstructional Activities PReP (Prereading Plan) Brainstorming to activate students existing knowledge before reading. Prepare-Present-Process Prepcreation Creativity activity: list of prepositions (above, in, because, opposite) is interposed between two lists of words, then try to make sense of the combinations. Used to generate novel solutions to problems. Prepcreation (PDF) Preposition Creation Prereading Plan (PReP) Brainstorming to activate students existing knowledge before reading. Prescriptive Learning Presentations Pretests Previewing the Text Prewriting Activities Primary Language Group Primary Sources Prior Knowledge Problem Reversal Solve problems by reversing problem and determining what not to do. Problem Reversal Problem Vignettes Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Inductive teaching method. No direct instruction. Teacher poses authentic (real-world) problem. Students learn particular content and skills as they work cooperatively to solve the problem. Problem-Solving A Meaningful Use Task which centers on overcoming constraints or limiting conditions. Polyas How to Solve It Problem-Solving Groups Problems Students can interact with problems in many ways. Students may be asked to create or construct problems, they may be asked to set up how to solve problems (without actually completing the calculations necessary to solve them), and finally they may be asked to solve problems. Process of Elimination Process Writing Students write following a model specified by the instructor. Emphasis shifts from the nature of the final product, to the process used to create the final product. Profile Project Proofreading Proofs PROP Advance Organizer A structured format to give students an overview of what to expect from upcoming instruction. Using a completed form, the teacher describes for students: Prior knowledge, Relationships, Organization, Plan PROP advance organizer - example (PDF) Proposal Writing Pros and Cons Students generate lists of arguments for or against certain ideas. These can either be actions proposed by a class, or a listing of arguments for and against ideas of historical or scientific interest. Listing Pros and Cons Proverbs Proverbs: Wisdom Tales Without the Plot Provocation Similar to the Devils Advocate technique but in this approach the teacher makes statements that are obviously stupid in order to provoke students to generate statements or situations in which the statement makes sense. For example, Food should be free. can lead students into a discussion of different economic and social structures. Provocation Psychomotor Skill Public Performances Public Spelling Publish Encouraging students to submit their writing or creations to real-world publishers, or to publish their work themselves using desktop publishing techniques. Punishment Puppet Puppets are useful for role play and presentations. Puzzles PWIM (Picture Word Inductive Model) Inductive, inquiry-based vocabulary-building strategy that presents new words in conjunction with photographs. Pyramid Strategy Q and A (Questions and Answers) QAR (Question-Answer Relationship) Exploration of the nature of answers. Are answers explicit or implicit in the reading, or are they internal to the reader Question-Answer Relationships (QAR) Strategy Q-Matrix Quadrant Cards Quartering Question Check Connect A strategy by Edwin S. Ellis for learning more about reading by asking questions about the graphics associated with the text. Question Stems Question the Author Question, All Write Question-Answer Relationship (QAR) Exploration of the nature of answers. Are answers explicit or implicit in the reading, or are they internal to the reader Question-Answer Relationships (QAR) Strategy Questionnaires Questions Have students apply who, what, when, where, why, how to all problems. Or ask students to generate questions. questioning. org Questions and Answers (Q and A) Questions Into Paragraphs (QuIP) A reading and writing strategy by Elaine McLauglin in which students are taught how to use questions to research answers from multiple texts and incorporate them into a coherent paragraph. Quick Drafting Quick Glance Quickdraw Pair activity in which students have a short period (typically 30 seconds) to share all they know by writing with symbols or drawings. Quicktalk Pair activity in which students have exactly 30 seconds to share all they know. Quickwrite Pair activity in which students have a short period (typically 30 seconds) to share all they know by writing in a graphic organizer. Quintilian Progression Model to guide assessment of writing in progress. 1st product: freely generated ideas and words. 2nd: student decides on organizational form of paper. 3rd (first written draft): student should aim for clarity. 4th: revise for correctness. 5th: revise for eloquence. QuIP (Questions Into Paragraphs) A reading and writing strategy by Elaine McLauglin in which students are taught how to use questions to research answers from multiple texts and incorporate them into a coherent paragraph. Quiz Quiz-Quiz-Trade Quotations RAFT (RoleAudienceFormatTopic) Post-reading activity in which students demonstrate understanding by writing for a specific audience. RAFT - RoleAudienceFormatTopic Rally Robin Random Word Method A creativity technique. Randomized Questioning In situations where the teacher wants to ensure that all students have an opportunity to answer questions, the teacher creates note cards with the students names on them, then shuffles the cards. AFTER asking each question, the teacher reveals the name of the student chosen at random to answer the question. Raps Songs written and presented by students. Rating Re-Enactments Reaching Consensus Reaction Papers Read Aloud Teacher reads aloud to the class to improve comprehension, expose students to correct pronunciation, or to create positive feelings about reading or a particular book. Read and Respond Read and Respond Read the Problem Again Readers Theater Students adapt some of their reading to present to other students in the form of a play. These productions can be simple or elaborate and include posters, programs, sets, and costumes. Readers Workshop Reading Reading Comprehension Reading for Information A type of reading in which learners interact with text to collect information, or to improve their understanding of specific topics. Reading Guides Reading Response Log Reading Roadmap Map to guide students in their reading. Shows when to skim, when to read carefully, questions to consider. Reading the Room Reading and Writing the Room Ready-Set-Recall Real-World Problems Realia Reality-Based Model Developed by Glasser as a counseling technique. Useful in teaching students to manage their own behavior by helping them discover what they really in a situation, and socially acceptable ways of getting what they want. Rebuttals Recall, Summarize, Question, Comment, and Connect (RSQC2) A summarization technique in which students Recall (list) key points, Summarize in a single sentence, ask unanswered questions, Connect the material to the goals of the course, and write an evaluative Comment. Recalling Reciprocal Teaching Students take turns being the teacher for a pair or small group. Teacher role may be to clarify, ask questions, ask for predictions, etc. Reciprocal Teaching - NCREL Recitation Questions and answer session dominated by the teacher. Questions usually have a single correct answer. Redundancy To be learned, concepts need to be revisited many times and in a variety of contexts. Younger children may need to work with a concept twenty or more times to fully understand it, while older students and adults typically need to see and use a concept three or more times to be able to remember and properly use it. Reflecting on the ME in WE Reflection A metacognitive activity. Learner pauses to think about, and organize information gathered from reading, discussions, or other activities. Reflection Logs Reflective Discussion Rehearsals Reinforcement Rejoiners RELATE Table A graphic organizer to help students connect what they learn in the classroom to real world events or issues. Relay Summary Team activity to summarize reading. One team member writes one sentences summarizing reading then passes page to teammate. Continues until everyone in team has added at least one sentence. Reports ReQuest Teacher and students take turns asking each other questions about reading. Research Papers Research Project Resiliency Training Restating Retelling Stories Storytellers on Tour Review Revising Students can learn by revising their own work, or by revising the work of others. Rewrite the Ending Rhymes RICA Method - Students Writing Test Questions Riddles Rivit Role-Playing RoleAudienceFormatTopic (RAFT) Post-reading activity in which students demonstrate understanding by writing for a specific audience. RAFT - RoleAudienceFormatTopic Room Display Root Analysis Roots Word root activities to build vocabulary. Rotating Review Round Robin Round-Table Discussion At a table, 4 or 5 participants informally discuss topic among themselves and with the audience. Roundtable Turn-based brainstorming technique. Roundtable Routines One way to maximize teaching time, shorten delays due to transitions, and focus student behavior is to establish routines on the first day. Points to discuss include procedures for turning in work. what is expected during the first minutes of class, and what materials are needed each day. RSQC2 (Recall, Summarize, Question, Comment, and Connect) A summarization technique in which students Recall (list) key points, Summarize in a single sentence, ask unanswered questions, Connect the material to the goals of the course, and write an evaluative Comment. Rubrics Storytelling Rubrics Rule-Making S. W.O. T. Analysis (SWOT) Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) in a situation. Sample Tests Sampling Say It Scaffolding Providing temporary support until help is no longer needed. Can take many forms (examples, explanations, organizers, etc.) but needs to build on students existing knowledge. Scale Scale Drawings Architects in Action (lesson plan) Scale Models Architects in Action (lesson plan) SCAMPER Creativity technique by that uses the SCAMPER acronym to help students remember to try many variations on an idea. SCAMPER Substitute, Combine, Adapt, (Modify, Magnify, Minify), Put to other use, Eliminate, (Reverse, Rearrange). SCAMPER Scanning Reading or looking at material quickly to gain an overview of the content. Scavenger Hunt Schematic Drawings School to Work Science Kits Using Science Kits to Construct Content Understandings in Elementary Schools (PDF) SCOPE (Spelling, Capitalization, Order of words, Punctuation, Express complete thoughts) A proofreading strategy. Scored Discussions Scoring Scoring Guide Scrabble Scrapbook Script Student-generated scripts and screenplays. Script Theory A theory about the structure of knowledge by Roger Schank. The core idea is that knowledge is stored as a series of scripts that we have composed based on our prior experiences. When some new event occurs, we try to fit the new information into our existing scripts. This reliance on existing mental frameworks makes script theory very similar to constructivism. Unlike constructivism, script theory is more concerned with discovering specific underlying shared scripts and formally recording them. Script theory is often applied to language learning and the design of educational software. Script theory (R. Schank) Scripted Cooperative Dyads Pairs both read complex material, then alternate in roles of recaller (who summarizes and explains what was read) and listener (who listens, then corrects or adds to what was said by recaller). Sculptures A group problem-solving technique in which members add to three-dimensional models that depict either the problem itself or a potential solution to the problem. In the general sense, any three-dimensional figure or design. Sculptures SDAIE (Specially Designed Academic Instruction in EnglishSheltered Instruction) SEARCH A writing strategy by Edwin S. Ellis consisting of the following steps: Set goals. Examine your paper to see if it makes sense. Ask if you said what you wanted to say. Reveal picky errors. Copy over neatly. Have a last look for errors. Seating Chart Seatwork Individual work by students as they work at their desks. May include reading, worksheets, writing. research, etc. Selecting Self-Assessments Students reflect on their performance and assess themselves. Self-Assessment In Portfolios - NCREL Self-Correction Students correct themselves during reading, speaking, or performing skills. Self-Paced Learning Self-Regulated Writing Strategy Self-Selected Reading Students select the materials to read. Improves motivation because students can select materials of interest to them. Semantic Associations Making connections between words based on meaning and context. Semantic Feature Analysis Chart or grid where students explore their existing knowledge about relations between concepts. Semantic Feature Analysis Semantic Map Semantic Word Map Semantic Word Map Send-a-Problem Send-A-Problem Senses Students can make more complete connections to concepts if all of their senses are stimulated. Sequence Chains Sequence Chain (graphic organizer) Sequencing Creating sequences from clues. Also a writing strategy and a team activity. Service Learning Learn Serve America Set Any activity at the beginning of a lesson whose function is to motivate students to participate in the learning to come and redirect the students attention to the general objectives to be learned. An effective set may be as simple as asking a question, or as complicated as a ten minute hands-on activity. Set Breaking Shadowing The student follows a professional for several hours or a whole day to learn more about the work done by, and skills needed by that person. Often used in teacher education programs or apprenticeships. Share-Pair Circles Divide class into two equal groups and each group forms a circle. The inner circle faces outward and the outer circle faces inward, to form pairs of facing students. In response to teacher questions, each pair discusses their ideas, then one of the circles rotates to create new pairs. Repeat until the original pairs are again facing each other. ShareCheck WorkReviewDiscuss Shared Inquiry Shared Reading A teaching strategy employing oversized picture books from which the teacher reads aloud to a group of children. Shared Reading: An Effective Instructional Model Shared Stories Students and teachers share personal stories to explore their shared and divergent values, cultures, and backgrounds. Shared Writing Each student contributes one or two sentences to a story written by the whole class. Sharing Responding Show and Tell Students bring in personal objects to share with the class. Showdown Signals Includes verbal and non-verbal communications between teachers and students. Silent Reading Silent Scavenger Hunt Similarities and Differences A form of comparison in which students first list all the similarities they can find between the two objects or concepts being compared, then they list all the differences. Similarities and Differences Similarity Groups Simplex The Basadur Simplex approach to problem-solving. Basically a formal approach in which problems are defined, ideas proposed and evaluated, actions initiated, then a return to the problem-finding stage to refine the solution. Simplex Simulations Simultaneous Translation SIR RIGHT Sitters and Movers Situated Learning An educational theory by Jean Lave proposing that learning normally occurs in a specific context (i. e. with certain people or while performing certain tasks). Learning, then involves both social interactions and interactions with the real-life materials and places where the knowledge would be applied. Variations of situated learning would include apprenticeships and cognitive apprenticeships. Situated Learning Situational Role Play Six Thinking Hats A metacognitive strategy that encourages people to look at concepts from different perspectives. Each hat represents a mode of thinking. The white hat look at data, red feelings, black judgment, yellow positive attitude, green creativity, blue overview. Six Thinking Hats Skill The use or demonstration of skills by the student. Skill Inventory There are two basic formats for a skill inventory. Individuals may either generate their own list of skills, or individuals may check off skills they possess from a list of skills. Used as a self-assessment in many fields but most often used as part of career exploration or professional development. Skimming Reading or looking at material quickly to gain an overview of the content. Skits SLANT Teaching strategy to encourage students to participate in discussions. Sit up. Lean forward. Activate your thinking. Note important information. Track the talker. Slide Show A form of presentation by students. Slides can be a series of drawings, or can be generated and presented using software like PowerPoint. Slides Slip Writing Individual brainstorming on paper followed by sharing of the written ideas in small groups. Small-Group Instruction SMART Objectives Snack Snowball Any of several techniques that involve grouping ideas that are written on small slips of paper. Snowball Technique SOAPSS A method to encourage consideration of the context in which a particular piece of writing was created: Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Speaker, and Style. Social Development Theory Based on Lev Vygotskys philosophy that learning occurs through social interactions. Emphasizes the importance of cooperative learning groups, motivation, observation of models, and student attitudes. Social Development Theory Social Interactions Social Learning Models Albert Banduras theory of learning through modeling observed behaviors. Cooperative Learning - Huitt Social Learning Theory Social Science Inquiry Social Science Inquiry Sociodrama Portrayal of town meetings or sessions of congress (for example). Socratic Dialogue Socratic Method Rather than telling, teacher leads students to concept through a series of ordered questions. The Socratic Approach to Character Education - Elkind and Sweet The Socratic Method: Teaching by Asking Instead of by Telling Socratic Questioning Somebody Wanted But So After reading activity that uses a graphical organizer to help students evaluate character (somebody), motivation (wanted), conflict (but), and resolution (so). Songs Using Songs in the Classroom Sort Cards Words and images associated with topic are put on individual cards. Groups sort cards into categories and label and discuss categories. Sorting Sound Burglar Spears Model Specially Designed Academic Instruction in EnglishSheltered Instruction (SDAIE) Speeches Spelling Notebook A student-generated list of words maintained by the student to remind them of words they need more work on. Spelling Pictures Students copy their spelling words by writing them in a pattern that traces a picture. Spelling Pictures Spelling, Capitalization, Order of words, Punctuation, Express complete thoughts (SCOPE) A proofreading strategy. Spider Map A form of graphic organizer to help students see the relationship between details and the main topic. Spiral Sequencing An instructional approach in which objectives are presented to learners beginning with simple concepts and then periodically revisiting the concepts and expanding on the concepts as is appropriate for the learners cognitive level. Compare to: Chronological, General-to-Specific, Known-to-Unknown, Part-to-Part-to-Part, Part-to-Whole, Part-to-Whole-to Part, Spiral, Step-by-Step, Topical, Unknown-to-Known, Whole-to-Part Constructivist Theory - J. Bruner Spirit Week Spirit Week Day Ideas Spongy Vocabulary Review Sports Participation in, or analysis of sporting events. Spotlight On Similar to Student of the Week. The work and background of a single student is showcased to the class. Spreadsheet SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review) An approach to studying and reading to improve comprehension and retention. SQRRR: Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review STAD (Student Teams-Achievement Divisions) Highly structured cooperative learning method following a Teach, Team study, Test, Team recognition strategy. Stance Questions Interacting with reading by taking different perspectives. Standardized Tests STaR (Story Telling and Retelling) Teachers read stories to students then students retell the story by acting it out, answering questions, or writing about the story. Starbursting Similar to the Lotus Blossom Technique, but after identify topic, ask what questions can be created. Stations Step-by-Step Sequencing An instructional approach in which objectives are presented to learners as a series of steps. Often used to teach procedures. Compare to: Chronological, General-to-Specific, Known-to-Unknown, Part-to-Part-to-Part, Part-to-Whole, Part-to-Whole-to Part, Spiral, Topical, Unknown-to-Known, Whole-to-Part Sticker Partners Sticking Dots A method that allows individuals or groups to vote for their favorites from a list by sticking colored dots next to their choices. Sticking Dots Sticky Reading Stir the Teams Students are assigned to teams and each student in the team has a number (typically 1 through 4). Teams discuss their group answer to the teachers question, then when the team is done they give a signal. When all teams are done, the teacher calls a number (from 1 to 4) and the students with that number rotate to the next group to share their teams answer with their new team. The procedure then repeats through the series of questions. STOPS Acronym is useful to help students remember which aspects of their writing they should check when editing. STOPS stands for: Sentence structure, Tenses, Organization, Punctuation, Spelling Story Activities Story Frame A guided reading tool that gives prompts to elicit information about the sequence of events that occur during a story. Story FrameMap Story Impressions The teacher presents ten to fifteen terms to students prior to reading. These terms appear in the same order that they appear in the reading. Students write a passage using the terms that they think predicts what will happen in the reading. Students share their predictions with others. Finally, students read, comparing their predictions (story impressions) with the reading. Story Maps Example Story Map Story Method for Memorization Each word to be memorized is included in a story made up by the student. Story Pyramid Story Related Reading The exploration of texts related to the primary text. These activities, often cooperative, typically include reading related texts or stories, then making comparisons to the original story through writing or discussions. Story Retell Story Starters Printable Story Starters (Elementary) Story Structure Review Students are asked to recall key features of a story using a blank story map. Story Telling Story Telling and Retelling (STaR) Teachers read stories to students then students retell the story by acting it out, answering questions, or writing about the story. Storyboarding Streaming Media String of words Structured Controversy Students (in groups of four) argue about controversial topic using research to support their assigned viewpoint. Groups reach and present consensus. Structured Note-Taking Structured Note-taking Structured Problem-solving Structured Problem-solving Student Assistance Program Student Expectations Often used as a first day activity, teachers can directly ask students what their expectations are for the class. Later in the course, students understanding can be assessed by eliciting information about student expectations for the upcoming topic. Student Helpers Student of the Week Student Response Groups Small groups of students who provide peer evaluation of the work of the other students in the group. Useful for writing or other creative projects because it gives the author an audience to experiment with before submitting work to a larger audience or for evaluation. Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD) Highly structured cooperative learning method following a Teach, Team study, Test, Team recognition strategy. Study Aids The teacher provides students with carefully constructed tools to assist students in learning for specific structures or environments. For example, the teacher may distribute a Guide to Using the Library before taking students to the library to do research. Before a multiple choice test, the teacher may provide test-taking tips or tips on how to study for the upcoming test. Study Groups Study Guides Study Skills Stump the Teacher Game where students make up questions based on a reading assignment. The teacher gets a point if he or she can answer the question, and the students get a point if the teacher fails to answer the question. Stump the Teacher Substitution Subsumption Theory David Ausubels subsumption theory describes the importance of relating new ideas to a students existing knowledge base BEFORE the new material is presented. This theory is applied in the advance organizer strategy developed by Ausubel. Subsumption Theory Success For All Success for All Foundation Suchman Inquiry Like twenty questions. Teacher poses problem then helps students solve problem by answering yes or no to student questions. Suggestion Box Useful for collecting any form of anonymous feedback. Student opinions can be regularly collected as part of class activities, or the box could be used in the classroom as an informal method for students to make comments about activities in the classroom. Often most effective when paired with the Admit SlipExit Slip approach. Sum It Up Summaries Summative Assessment Formative and Summative Assessments in the Classroom Summative Evaluation Super Heroes Problem-solving technique in which students take on the roles of their favorite super heroes, then answer questions from the point of view of that character. For instance, if the class was discussing the problem of how to deal with water pollution from pesticide run-off, a student from the Spiderman perspective might propose that she could use her webs to capture insect pests on farms so farmers would not need to spray pesticides. In the same discussion, a student from the perspective of The Flash might propose that he could run through the fields at super speed, pick off all the insects, and take them to a place where they would not bother farmers. Super heroes Supervised Practice Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review (SQ3R) An approach to studying and reading to improve comprehension and retention. SQRRR: Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review Surveys Sustained Silent Reading Using Sustained Silent Reading SWOT (S. W.O. T. Analysis) Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) in a situation. Syllabus Create and distribute a syllabus (overview of the course) to students and parents at the beginning of the course. Provides students with valuable information about the upcoming concepts they will be learning along with behaviors and routines to expect. Symposium Participants formally present material then respond to questions from the audience. Synchronous Learning Synectics Metaphors generated by the students are used to help them understand controversial issues or solve problems. Synectics Syntax The use of the structure of language, or knowledge about the structure of language to solve problems or understand text. Synthesizing Synthetic Phonics T-Chart T-Notes TAI (Team Assisted Individualization) Combines individualized instruction with team rewards for meeting goals. Talking Chips Response management technique to encourage students who do not often contribute, and limit students who contribute too much to discussions. Tangrams Tape Assisted Reading TAPPS (Thinking Aloud Pair Problem Solving) Task Cards Specific instructions or guides for student use at learning centers. May be an assignment, or how to practice skills. Taxonomies Teacher Errors Establish reward system for finding and correcting errors made by the teacher. Teacher Expectations A clear, written explanation of the teachers expectations. This should describe desirable behavior, rules, and the steps needed to get a good grade in a course. For older students, this is often included in a syllabus handed out the first day. For younger students, this is part of the packet of information sent home to be read by the parents. As the course progresses, more detailed expectations can be revealed to the students to describe what is necessary to be successful on particular tasks. Teachers Background Teachers are real people with families, hobbies, and former occupations. By sharing information about themselves with students, teachers establish themselves as both accessible and credible as a teacher. Teaching for Understanding Team Assisted Individualization (TAI) Combines individualized instruction with team rewards for meeting goals. Team Consensus When a group response is desired, present methods to assist groups in creating responses that are satisfactory to all members of the group. Team Product Students work in teams to accomplish a task (either learning, or creating a physical product). Team Reading Team Teaching Team Word Web Teammates Consult Team-based discussion-summary technique. Teams-Games-Tournaments (TGT) Telephone One student is chosen to leave the room while the teacher teaches a short lesson to the rest of the class. The absent student returns and is taught the lesson by the students. The student who was absent is given a (typically non-graded) quiz. Results of the quiz are used for reteaching. Television Educational television programming is used in the classroom. Tell and Retell Telling Telling the Story Templates Ten Important Sentences Ten Plus Two (10 2) Direct instruction variation where the teacher presents for ten minutes, students share and reflect for two minutes, then the cycle repeats. Tent cards Terminal Objective Test Many variants, including paper and pencil, student generated, and take home. Test A Friend Text Frame Models which show the format of material as presented in texts. Helps show the relationships between concepts. (ex. Ccause, Eeffect) (cycle) C C-E-C-E (chain) E E C Text Structure TGT (Teams-Games-Tournaments) The Last Word Summary technique. Each letter in topic name is used to remember key ideas in topic. (example: snow, Six-sided ice crystals. Near center is dust particle One snowflake is usually made of more than one crystal. Water vapor freezes to form.) Thelens Group Investigation Groups explore socially significant problems. Thematic Units Theme Song Thesis-Proof Things in Common Sheet (TIC Sheet) Team building activity where groups explore the foods, places, activities, TV, and movies they all like and all dislike. Think Along Think Ink Pair Share Like Think-Pair-Share but with writing component. Think Pad Brainstorm Think Sheets Think-Aloud Teacher describes own thoughts while reading aloud to class. Using a Think Aloud in the Classroom Think-Pair-Share Students think individually, then pair (discuss with partner), then share ideas with class. Thinking Aloud Pair Problem Solving (TAPPS) Thread (Discussion Board) Threaded Discussion Three Minute Pause After or during instruction, ask students to pause and reflect on what was learned for three minutes. Students might work individually, in pairs, or in small groups to build summary. Three Step Interview Groups of four (a, b, c, d). Teacher assigns question. Step 1: a interviews b, c interviews d. Step 2: b interviews a, d interviews c. Step 3: All in group share what theyve learned in their interviews. Three-step Interview Three-Stay One-Stray Three-Two-One (3-2-1) Writing activity where students write: 3 key terms from what they have just learned, 2 ideas they would like to learn more about, and 1 concept or skill they think they have mastered. TIC Sheet (Things in Common Sheet) Team building activity where groups explore the foods, places, activities, TV, and movies they all like and all dislike. Tic-Tac-Toe Tic-Tac-Toeing with Choice Boards in Any Classroom Choice Boards (Tic-Tac-Toe Menus, Think-Tac-Toes, Learning Menus, Extension Menus) Ticket to Leave Closing activity where students respond in writing or verbally to short assignment. Timed Drill Timed-Pair-Share Timed Repeated Readings Timelines Topical Sequencing An instructional approach in which objectives are presented to learners beginning with issues currently of interest, then tracing back the history of the development of that issue. Compare to: Chronological, General-to-Specific, Known-to-Unknown, Part-to-Part-to-Part, Part-to-Whole, Part-to-Whole-to Part, Spiral, Step-by-Step, Unknown-to-Known, Whole-to-Part Toss a Question Total Physical Responsereg (TPR) Toughs Model Tournaments TPR (Total Physical Responsereg) TPRreg Storytelling Traditional Assessment Traditions Sharing or explaining family traditions. Collecting Family Stories Transformation of Text Supply students with a text and ask them to transform it from its original genre to a different genre. For example, supply prose and ask students to create a poem with the same essential ideas. Transformative Learning Translating Transparencies Transparencies are clear sheets of plastic on which both text and graphics may be copied. Transparencies may be used during direct instruction as a guide to the teacher, to allow them to eliminate using separate lecture notes, and also as a means to quickly show many graphics. Other uses of transparencies include: presentation of quizzes, problems of the day, jokes, cartoons, and to present problems that can then be turned over to students to complete for the class. Trash or Treasure Triangle Review Turn to Your Partner Teacher gives directions to students. Students formulate individual response, then turn to a partner to share their answers. Teacher calls on several random pairs to share their answers with the class. Tutoring One-on-one approach to teaching or reteaching concepts. May be done by teachers, peers (other students) or professional tutors. Twenty Questions Twin Tex Two Cents Worth Two Dimensional Matrix A group activity in which students make associates between two lists of words. Two Minute Talks Two-Column Notes Uncommon Commonalities Uncommon Commonalities Unconscious Problem-Solving Study problem until understand well, then take a break and relax to let unconscious mind work on problem. Understanding Gauge Unknown Objects Bring an object to class that students are unlikely to recognize. Can be used as writing or discussion prompts, as subjects for an investigation, or even in an art class. Useful for encouraging students to ask questions. Unknown-to-Known An instructional approach in which objectives are presented to learners beginning with unknown concepts and proceeding to known concepts. Used as a motivational technique to induce students to want to know more. Compare to: Chronological, General-to-Specific, Known-to-Unknown, Part-to-Part-to-Part, Part-to-Whole, Part-to-Whole-to Part, Spiral, Step-by-Step, Topical, Whole-to-Part Unsent Letter Using Using objects or concepts to show skills or valuing. Value Clarification Discussion Discussion during which questions are open-ended and with no one right answer. Used to develop values. Value Line Group members position themselves along a labeled line to reveal their opinions on particular topics, then group organizers assign members to heterogeneous groups based on those opinions. Value Line Venn Diagram A form of graphic organizer. Commonly used in mathematics and comparisons. Videotapes Commercially produced tapes for educational purposes. Videotaping Students produce videotapes then review their presentations. Useful in improving metacognitive and communication skills. Virtual Communities Visual Aids Any graphical aids used in presentations or to clarify or improve writing. Visual Memory Display picture for a second or two, then ask students to describe as much as they can remember from what they saw. Visualization Vocabulary Genie Vocabulary List Vocabulary Match List Vocabulary Overview Guide Vocabulary Review Vocabulary Self collection Strategy (VSS) As a class, students nominate words theyd like to learn more about. Vocabulary Squares Volunteer Students as volunteers at a hospital, day care center, the zoo, etc. Voting Voting Cards Students can be given laminated cards at the beginning of the year to be used to express their opinions in class. When they agree with a statement, they might hold up a green card, disagreement could be signified with a red card, and yellow could be used to show indecision or uncertainty. VSS (Vocabulary Self collection Strategy) As a class, students nominate words theyd like to learn more about. Wait Time How long a teacher waits after asking a question can influence the quality of responses provided by students. Increased wait time also leads to increased confidence in students and improvements in classroom discipline. Walking Tour Passages from reading are posted on individual pages around the room. Groups tour the room and discuss each passage, then summarize. Wallpaper Task Want Ads Students write want ads. Varieties include historical, humorous, and as a famous character. Web Webbing in writing. Web Page Writing and design of web pages. Web Searches Webbing Webinar Weblogs Blogs, also known as weblogs, are online journals that can be used by the teacher as a means of sharing thoughts, assignments, or resources or blogs can be created by students for the purpose of reflection, intergroup communication, or to fulfill particular assignments. Using Blogs to Integrate Technology in the Classroom WebQuests The Web Quest Page What Is It The teacher brings an object to class that is unfamiliar or has some historical significance. Ask students to identify the object or describe how it might have been used. Whats My Line Whats My Word Where Am I Pair activity where partner1 points to a place on a blank map and partner2 selects the location from a list or names the location. Partner1 checks the response with a key. Partners switch roles halfway through the list. Alternative approach: partner1 describes location (no maps) and partner2 guesses where it is. Where Is It Where Were You Whispering Whispering Game Whiteboard (dry-erase) Whiteboard (electronic) Who Am I Whole Language A form of holistic learning. Whole Math A form of holistic learning. Whole-to-Part An instructional approach in which objectives are presented to learners beginning with an overview of the whole model or idea, then proceeding to an analysis of the component parts. Compare to: Chronological, General-to-Specific, Known-to-Unknown, Part-to-Part-to-Part, Part-to-Whole, Part-to-Whole-to Part, Spiral, Step-by-Step, Topical, Unknown-to-Known Whos Got the Answer Window Pane Lecturette Word Associates Similar to the Concept Attainment strategy, where students are shown a series of examples and non-examples. Students are shown a series of cards in which one of the cards does not fit. Once the students identify the card that does not fit, they attempt to discover the word or phrase associated with the objects or ideas that do belong together. Word Association Word Bank List or collection of words for students to choose from. Word Call Word Cards Word Chain Game that helps students categorize. Teacher supplies category and a first word, then students supply the next word in the chain. The chain is formed having the next word start with the ending letter of the previous word. For example: Category Things found in the kitchen. Words: SinK - KnifE - EggbeateR - RefrigeratoR - and so on. Word Hunts Word Maps Word Problems Word Search Word Sort Students sort the lists of keywords they are given into logical groups. Word Wall Wordsplash Students make predictions about reading based on a collection of key words and the name of the central topic. Splash refers to the random arrangement of the key terms around the topic at the start of the activity. Work Sheets Working Backwards Workstations A learning center with a computer. Wrap up Writing Many varieties, including creative writing, exposition, etc. Writing Conferences X marks the spot Reading strategy in which students flag passages as important (mark with an X), interesting (mark with a ), or something about which they have a question (mark with a ). Zone of Proximal Development Zoo Activities centered on local zoos. Might include trips, design activities, or webquests. ZOOM An extension to the In What Ways Might We approach to creative problem-solving. ZOOM: A Creativity Game Zoom In Zoom Out Keywords . Teaching strategies, teaching strategy, teaching modes, teaching mode, teaching models, teaching model, teaching methods, teaching method, teaching activities, teaching activity, educational approaches, educational approach, instructional strategies, instructional strategy, instructional models, instructional model, instructional activities, instructional activity, learning activities, learning activity, assessment models, assessment model, alternative assessments, alternative assessment. Corrections and suggestions would be greatly appreciated. I started compiling this glossary and writing the definitions in 1996 while working on my Masters degree in Education at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville. Since 1996 the number of strategies in the glossary has increased greatly but all definitions here are, and will continue to be, my personal work. I do give my permission to educational organizations to republish or reformat and print this information for group training purposes. All reuse of these definitions, including excerpts of the Glossary, should include a reference to my name, the full name of the Glossary, and this link: beesburgedtoolsglossary. html Last updated: 27 July, 2013 copy1996-2013 Kelly Jo RowanFeatured OOH Occupation: Administrative Services Managers Administrative services managers plan, direct, and coordinate supportive services of an organization. Their specific responsibilities vary by the type of organization and may include keeping records, distributing mail, and planning and maintaining facilities. Featured OOH Occupation: Computer and Information Systems Managers Computer and information systems managers, often called information technology (IT) managers or IT project managers, plan, coordinate, and direct computer-related activities in an organization. They help determine the information technology goals of an organization and are responsible for implementing computer systems to meet those goals. Featured OOH Occupation: Financial Managers Financial managers are responsible for the financial health of an organization. They produce financial reports, direct investment activities, and develop strategies and plans for the long-term financial goals of their organization. Featured OOH Occupation: Compensation and Benefits Managers Compensation managers plan, develop, and oversee programs to determine how much an organization pays its employees and how employees are paid. Benefits managers plan, direct, and coordinate retirement plans, health insurance, and other benefits that an organization offers its employees. Featured OOH Occupation: Training and Development Managers Training and development managers plan, direct, and coordinate programs to enhance the knowledge and skills of an organizations employees. They also oversee a staff of training and development specialists. Featured OOH Occupation: Human Resources Managers Human resources managers plan, direct, and coordinate the administrative functions of an organization. They oversee the recruiting, interviewing, and hiring of new staff consult with top executives on strategic planning and serve as a link between an organizations management and its employees. Featured OOH Occupation: Industrial Production Managers Industrial production managers oversee the daily operations of manufacturing and related plants. They coordinate, plan, and direct the activities used to create a wide range of goods, such as cars, computer equipment, or paper products. Featured OOH Occupation: Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers operate establishments that produce crops, livestock, and dairy products. Featured OOH Occupation: Construction Managers Construction managers plan, coordinate, budget, and supervise construction projects from start to finish. Featured OOH Occupation: Preschool and Childcare Center Directors Preschool and childcare center directors supervise and lead staffs, oversee daily activities, design curriculums, and prepare budgets. They are responsible for all aspects of their centers program. Featured OOH Occupation: Elementary, Middle, and High School Principals Elementary, middle, and high school principals manage all school operations, including daily school activities. They coordinate curricula, oversee teachers and other school staff, and provide a safe and productive learning environment for students. Featured OOH Occupation: Postsecondary Education Administrators Postsecondary education administrators oversee student services, academics, and faculty research at colleges and universities. Their job duties vary depending on the area of the college they manage, such as admissions, student life, or the office of the registrar. Featured OOH Occupation: Architectural and Engineering Managers Architectural and engineering managers plan, direct, and coordinate activities in architectural and engineering companies. Featured OOH Occupation: Food Service Managers Food service managers are responsible for the daily operation of restaurants and other establishments that prepare and serve food and beverages. They direct staff to ensure that customers are satisfied with their dining experience, and they manage the business to ensure that it is profitable. Featured OOH Occupation: Lodging Managers Lodging managers ensure that guests on vacation or business travel have a pleasant experience at a hotel, motel, or other types of establishment with accommodations. They also ensure that the establishment is run efficiently and profitably. Featured OOH Occupation: Medical and Health Services Managers Medical and health services managers, also called healthcare executives or healthcare administrators, plan, direct, and coordinate medical and health services. They might manage an entire facility, a specific clinical area or department, or a medical practice for a group of physicians. Medical and health services managers must direct changes that conform to changes in healthcare laws, regulations, and technology. Featured OOH Occupation: Natural Sciences Managers Natural sciences managers supervise the work of scientists, including chemists, physicists, and biologists. They direct activities related to research and development, and coordinate activities such as testing, quality control, and production. Featured OOH Occupation: Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers Property, real estate, and community association managers take care of the many aspects of residential, commercial, or industrial properties. They make sure the property is well maintained, has a nice appearance, and preserves its resale or leasing value. Featured OOH Occupation: Social and Community Service Managers Social and community service managers coordinate and supervise social service programs and community organizations. They manage staff who provide social services to the public. Featured OOH Occupation: Top Executives Top executives devise strategies and policies to ensure that an organization meets its goals. They plan, direct, and coordinate operational activities of companies and organizations. Featured OOH Occupation: Claims Adjusters, Appraisers, Examiners, and Investigators Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators evaluate insurance claims. They decide whether an insurance company must pay a claim, and if so, how much. Featured OOH Occupation: Cost Estimators Cost estimators collect and analyze data in order to estimate the time, money, materials, and labor required to manufacture a product, construct a building, or provide a service. They generally specialize in a particular product or industry. Featured OOH Occupation: Human Resources Specialists Human resources specialists recruit, screen, interview, and place workers. They often handle other human resources work, such as those related to employee relations, compensation and benefits, and training. Featured OOH Occupation: Management Analysts Management analysts, often called management consultants, propose ways to improve the efficiency of an organization. They advise managers on how to make organizations more profitable through reduced costs and increased revenues. Featured OOH Occupation: Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners Meeting, convention, and event planners coordinate all aspects of events and professional meetings. They arrange meeting locations, transportation, and other details. Featured OOH Occupation: Accountants and Auditors Accountants and auditors prepare and examine financial records. They ensure that financial records are accurate and that taxes are paid properly and on time. Accountants and auditors assess financial operations and work to help ensure that organizations run efficiently. Featured OOH Occupation: Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate Appraisers and assessors of real estate provide an estimate of the value of land and the buildings on the land usually before it is sold, mortgaged, taxed, insured, or developed. Featured OOH Occupation: Budget Analysts Budget analysts help public and private institutions organize their finances. They prepare budget reports and monitor institutional spending. Featured OOH Occupation: Financial Analysts Financial analysts provide guidance to businesses and individuals making investment decisions. They assess the performance of stocks, bonds, and other types of investments. Featured OOH Occupation: Personal Financial Advisors Personal financial advisors give financial advice to people. They help with investments, taxes, and insurance decisions. Featured OOH Occupation: Financial Examiners Financial examiners ensure compliance with laws governing financial institutions and transactions. They review balance sheets, evaluate the risk level of loans, and assess bank management. Featured OOH Occupation: Loan Officers Loan officers evaluate, authorize, or recommend approval of loan applications for people and businesses. Featured OOH Occupation: Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents ensure that federal, state, and local governments get their tax money from businesses and citizens. They review tax returns, conduct audits, identify taxes owed, and collect overdue tax payments. Featured OOH Occupation: Computer Programmers Computer programmers write and test code that allows computer applications and software programs to function properly. They turn the program designs created by software developers and engineers into instructions that a computer can follow. Featured OOH Occupation: Software Developers Software developers are the creative minds behind computer programs. Some develop the applications that allow people to do specific tasks on a computer or another device. Others develop the underlying systems that run the devices or that control networks. Featured OOH Occupation: Computer Support Specialists Computer support specialists provide help and advice to people and organizations using computer software or equipment. Some, called computer network support specialists, support information technology (IT) employees within their organization. Others, called computer user support specialists, assist non-IT users who are having computer problems. Featured OOH Occupation: Computer Systems Analysts Computer systems analysts study an organizations current computer systems and procedures and design information systems solutions to help the organization operate more efficiently and effectively. Sie bringen Unternehmen und Informationstechnologie (IT) zusammen, indem sie die Bedürfnisse und Grenzen der beiden verstehen. Featured OOH Occupation: Database Administrators Database administrators (DBAs) use specialized software to store and organize data, such as financial information and customer shipping records. They make sure that data are available to users and are secure from unauthorized access. Featured OOH Occupation: Network and Computer Systems Administrators Computer networks are critical parts of almost every organization. Network and computer systems administrators are responsible for the day-to-day operation of these networks. Featured OOH Occupation: Actuaries Actuaries analyze the financial costs of risk and uncertainty. They use mathematics, statistics, and financial theory to assess the risk that an event will occur, and they help businesses and clients develop policies that minimize the cost of that risk. Actuaries work is essential to the insurance industry. Featured OOH Occupation: Operations Research Analysts Operations research analysts use advanced mathematical and analytical methods to help organizations investigate complex issues, identify and solve problems, and make better decisions. Featured OOH Occupation: Statisticians Statisticians use statistical methods to collect and analyze data and to help solve real-world problems in business, engineering, healthcare, or other fields. Featured OOH Occupation: Architects Architects plan and design houses, factories, office buildings, and other structures. Featured OOH Occupation: Landscape Architects Landscape architects design parks and the outdoor spaces of campuses, recreational facilities, private homes, and other open areas. Featured OOH Occupation: Cartographers and Photogrammetrists Cartographers and photogrammetrists collect, measure, and interpret geographic information in order to create and update maps and charts for regional planning, education, emergency response, and other purposes. Featured OOH Occupation: Surveyors Surveyors make precise measurements to determine property boundaries. They provide data relevant to the shape and contour of the Earths surface for engineering, mapmaking, and construction projects. Featured OOH Occupation: Aerospace Engineers Aerospace engineers design primarily aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, and missiles. In addition, they test prototypes to make sure that they function according to design. Featured OOH Occupation: Biomedical Engineers Biomedical engineers combine engineering principles with medical and biological sciences to design and create equipment, devices, computer systems, and software used in healthcare. Featured OOH Occupation: Chemical Engineers Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry, biology, physics, and math to solve problems that involve the production or use of chemicals, fuel, drugs, food, and many other products. They design processes and equipment for large-scale manufacturing, plan and test production methods and byproducts treatment, and direct facility operations. Featured OOH Occupation: Civil Engineers Civil engineers design, build, supervise, operate, and maintain construction projects and systems in the public and private sector, including roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, and systems for water supply and sewage treatment. Featured OOH Occupation: Computer Hardware Engineers Computer hardware engineers research, design, develop, and test computer systems and components such as processors, circuit boards, memory devices, networks, and routers. These engineers discover new directions in computer hardware, which generate rapid advances in computer technology. Featured OOH Occupation: Electrical and Electronics Engineers Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment, such as electric motors, radar and navigation systems, communications systems, and power generation equipment. Electronics engineers design and develop electronic equipment, such as broadcast and communications systemsfrom portable music players to global positioning systems (GPSs). Featured OOH Occupation: Environmental Engineers Environmental engineers use the principles of engineering, soil science, biology, and chemistry to develop solutions to environmental problems. They are involved in efforts to improve recycling, waste disposal, public health, and water and air pollution control. Featured OOH Occupation: Industrial Engineers Industrial engineers find ways to eliminate wastefulness in production processes. They devise efficient systems that integrate workers, machines, materials, information, and energy to make a product or provide a service. Featured OOH Occupation: Marine Engineers and Naval Architects Marine engineers and naval architects design, build, and maintain ships from aircraft carriers to submarines, from sailboats to tankers. Marine engineers are primarily responsible for the internal systems of a ship, such as propulsion, electrical, refrigeration, and steering. Naval architects are primarily responsible for the ship design, including the form, structure, and stability of hulls. Featured OOH Occupation: Materials Engineers Materials engineers develop, process, and test materials used to create a wide range of products, from computer chips and aircraft wings to golf clubs and biomedical devices. They study the properties and structures of metals, ceramics, plastics, composites, nanomaterials (extremely small substances), and other substances to create new materials that meet certain mechanical, electrical, and chemical requirements. Featured OOH Occupation: Mechanical Engineers Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest engineering disciplines. Mechanical engineers design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal sensors and devices, including tools, engines, and machines. Featured OOH Occupation: Mining and Geological Engineers Mining and geological engineers design mines to safely and efficiently remove minerals such as coal and metals for use in manufacturing and utilities. Featured OOH Occupation: Nuclear Engineers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. Many of these engineers find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materialsfor example, in equipment used in medical diagnosis and treatment. Featured OOH Occupation: Petroleum Engineers Petroleum engineers design and develop methods for extracting oil and gas from deposits below the Earths surface. Petroleum engineers also find new ways to extract oil and gas from older wells. Featured OOH Occupation: Drafters Drafters use software to convert the designs of engineers and architects into technical drawings. Most workers specialize in architectural, civil, electrical, or mechanical drafting and use technical drawings to help design everything from microchips to skyscrapers. Featured OOH Occupation: Civil Engineering Technicians Civil engineering technicians help civil engineers to plan, design, and build highways, bridges, utilities, and other infrastructure projects. They also help to plan, design, and build commercial, industrial, residential, and land development projects. Featured OOH Occupation: Environmental Engineering Technicians Environmental engineering technicians carry out the plans that environmental engineers develop. They test, operate, and, if necessary, modify equipment used to prevent or clean up environmental pollution. They may collect samples for testing, or they may work to mitigate sources of environmental pollution. Featured OOH Occupation: Industrial Engineering Technicians Industrial engineering technicians help industrial engineers implement designs to use personnel, materials, and machines effectively in factories, stores, healthcare organizations, repair shops, and offices. They prepare machinery and equipment layouts, plan workflows, conduct statistical production studies, and analyze production costs. Featured OOH Occupation: Mechanical Engineering Technicians Mechanical engineering technicians help mechanical engineers design, develop, test, and manufacture mechanical devices, including tools, engines, and machines. They may make sketches and rough layouts, record and analyze data, make calculations and estimates, and report their findings. Featured OOH Occupation: Market Research Analysts Market research analysts study market conditions to examine potential sales of a product or service. They help companies understand what products people want, who will buy them, and at what price. Featured OOH Occupation: Surveying and Mapping Technicians Surveying and mapping technicians collect data and make maps of the Earths surface. Surveying technicians visit sites to take measurements of the land. Mapping technicians use geographic data to create maps. They both assist surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists. Featured OOH Occupation: Agricultural and Food Scientists Agricultural and food scientists research ways to improve the efficiency and safety of agricultural establishments and products. Featured OOH Occupation: Biochemists and Biophysicists Biochemists and biophysicists study the chemical and physical principles of living things and of biological processes, such as cell development, growth, heredity, and disease. Featured OOH Occupation: Microbiologists Microbiologists study microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi, and some types of parasites. They try to understand how these organisms live, grow, and interact with their environments. Featured OOH Occupation: Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animals and other wildlife and how they interact with their ecosystems. They study the physical characteristics of animals, animal behaviors, and the impacts humans have on wildlife and natural habitats. Featured OOH Occupation: Epidemiologists Epidemiologists are public health professionals who investigate patterns and causes of disease and injury in humans. They seek to reduce the risk and occurrence of negative health outcomes through research, community education, and health policy. Featured OOH Occupation: Medical Scientists Medical scientists conduct research aimed at improving overall human health. They often use clinical trials and other investigative methods to reach their findings. Featured OOH Occupation: Physicists and Astronomers Physicists and astronomers study the ways in which various forms of matter and energy interact. Theoretical physicists and astronomers may study the nature of time or the origin of the universe. Some physicists design and perform experiments with sophisticated equipment such as particle accelerators, electron microscopes, and lasers. Featured OOH Occupation: Chemists and Materials Scientists Chemists and materials scientists study substances at the atomic and molecular levels and the ways in which the substances interact with one another. They use their knowledge to develop new and improved products and to test the quality of manufactured goods. Featured OOH Occupation: Environmental Scientists and Specialists Environmental scientists and specialists use their knowledge of the natural sciences to protect the environment and human health. They may clean up polluted areas, advise policymakers, or work with industry to reduce waste. Featured OOH Occupation: Geoscientists Geoscientists study the physical aspects of the Earth, such as its composition, structure, and processes, to learn about its past, present, and future. Featured OOH Occupation: Hydrologists Hydrologists study how water moves across and through the Earths crust. They use their expertise to solve problems in the areas of water quality or availability. Featured OOH Occupation: Survey Researchers Survey researchers design and conduct surveys and analyze data. Surveys are used to collect factual data, such as employment and salary information, or to ask questions in order to understand peoples opinions, preferences, beliefs, or desires. Featured OOH Occupation: Psychologists Psychologists study cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior by observing, interpreting, and recording how people relate to one another and their environments. Featured OOH Occupation: Sociologists Sociologists study society and social behavior by examining the groups, cultures, organizations, social institutions, and processes that develop when people interact and work together. Featured OOH Occupation: Urban and Regional Planners Urban and regional planners develop land use plans and programs that help create communities, accommodate population growth, and revitalize physical facilities in towns, cities, counties, and metropolitan areas. Featured OOH Occupation: Anthropologists and Archeologists Anthropologists and archeologists study the origin, development, and behavior of humans. They examine the cultures, languages, archeological remains, and physical characteristics of people in various parts of the world. Featured OOH Occupation: Political Scientists Political scientists study the origin, development, and operation of political systems. They research political ideas and analyze governments, policies, political trends, and related issues. Featured OOH Occupation: Biological Technicians Biological technicians help biological and medical scientists conduct laboratory tests and experiments. Featured OOH Occupation: Chemical Technicians Chemical technicians use special instruments and techniques to help chemists and chemical engineers research, develop, produce, and test chemical products and processes. Featured OOH Occupation: Geological and Petroleum Technicians Geological and petroleum technicians provide support to scientists and engineers in exploring and extracting natural resources, such as minerals, oil, and natural gas. Featured OOH Occupation: Nuclear Technicians Nuclear technicians assist physicists, engineers, and other professionals in nuclear research and nuclear energy production. They operate special equipment used in these activities and monitor the levels of radiation that are produced. Featured OOH Occupation: Environmental Science and Protection Technicians Environmental science and protection technicians monitor the environment and investigate sources of pollution and contamination, including those affecting public health. In addition, they work to ensure that environmental violations are prevented. Featured OOH Occupation: Forensic Science Technicians Forensic science technicians aid criminal investigations by collecting and analyzing evidence. Many technicians specialize in either crime scene investigation or laboratory analysis. Most forensic science technicians spend some time writing reports. Featured OOH Occupation: Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors advise people who suffer from alcoholism, drug addiction, eating disorders, or other behavioral problems. They provide treatment and support to help the client recover from addiction or modify problem behaviors. Featured OOH Occupation: School and Career Counselors School counselors help students develop academic and social skills and succeed in school. Career counselors assist people with the process of making career decisions by helping them develop skills or choose a career or educational program. Featured OOH Occupation: Mental Health Counselors and Marriage and Family Therapists Mental health counselors and marriage and family therapists help people manage and overcome mental and emotional disorders and problems with family and other relationships. They listen to clients and ask questions to help the clients understand their problems and develop strategies to improve their lives. Featured OOH Occupation: Rehabilitation Counselors Rehabilitation counselors help people with physical, mental, developmental, and emotional disabilities live independently. They work with clients to overcome or manage the personal, social, or psychological effects of disabilities on employment or independent living. Featured OOH Occupation: Social Workers Social workers help people solve and cope with problems in their everyday lives. One group of social workersclinical social workersalso diagnose and treat mental, behavioral, and emotional issues. Featured OOH Occupation: Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists monitor and work with probationers to prevent them from committing new crimes. Featured OOH Occupation: Social and Human Service Assistants Social and human service assistants provide client services, including support for families, in a wide variety of fields, such as psychology, rehabilitation, and social work. They assist other workers, such as social workers, and they help clients find benefits or community services. Featured OOH Occupation: Lawyers Lawyers advise and represent individuals, businesses, and government agencies on legal issues and disputes. Featured OOH Occupation: Paralegals and Legal Assistants Paralegals and legal assistants do a variety of tasks to support lawyers, including maintaining and organizing files, conducting legal research, and drafting documents. Featured OOH Occupation: Postsecondary Teachers Postsecondary teachers instruct students in a wide variety of academic and career and technical subjects beyond the high school level. They also conduct research and publish scholarly papers and books. Featured OOH Occupation: Preschool Teachers Preschool teachers educate and care for children younger than age 5 who have not yet entered kindergarten. They teach reading, writing, science, and other subjects in a way that young children can understand. Featured OOH Occupation: Kindergarten and Elementary School Teachers Kindergarten and elementary school teachers prepare younger students for future schooling by teaching them basic subjects such as math and reading. Featured OOH Occupation: Middle School Teachers Middle school teachers educate students, typically in sixth through eighth grades. Middle school teachers help students build on the fundamentals they learned in elementary school and prepare them for the more difficult curriculum they will face in high school. Featured OOH Occupation: Career and Technical Education Teachers Career and technical education teachers instruct students in various technical and vocational subjects, such as auto repair, healthcare, and culinary arts. They teach academic and technical content to provide students with the skills and knowledge necessary to enter an occupation. Featured OOH Occupation: Special Education Teachers Special education teachers work with students who have a wide range of learning, mental, emotional, and physical disabilities. They adapt general education lessons and teach various subjects, such as reading, writing, and math, to students with mild and moderate disabilities. They also teach basic skills, such as literacy and communication techniques, to students with severe disabilities. Featured OOH Occupation: Adult Literacy and High School Equivalency Diploma Teachers Adult literacy and high school equivalency diploma teachers instruct adults in basic skills, such as reading, writing, and speaking English. They also help students earn their high school equivalent diploma. Featured OOH Occupation: Archivists, Curators, and Museum Workers Archivists appraise, process, catalog, and preserve permanent records and historically valuable documents. Curators oversee collections of artwork and historic items, and may conduct public service activities for an institution. Museum technicians and conservators prepare and restore objects and documents in museum collections and exhibits. Featured OOH Occupation: Librarians Librarians help people find information and conduct research for personal and professional use. Their job duties may change based on the type of library they work in, such as public, school, and medical libraries. Featured OOH Occupation: Library Technicians and Assistants Library technicians and assistants help librarians with all aspects of running a library. They assist patrons, organize library materials and information, and perform clerical and administrative tasks. Featured OOH Occupation: Instructional Coordinators Instructional coordinators oversee school curriculums and teaching standards. They develop instructional material, coordinate its implementation with teachers and principals, and assess its effectiveness. Featured OOH Occupation: Teacher Assistants Teacher assistants work under a teachers supervision to give students additional attention and instruction. Featured OOH Occupation: Art Directors Art directors are responsible for the visual style and images in magazines, newspapers, product packaging, and movie and television productions. They create the overall design of a project and direct others who develop artwork and layouts. Featured OOH Occupation: Multimedia Artists and Animators Multimedia artists and animators create animation and visual effects for television, movies, video games, and other forms of media. Featured OOH Occupation: Industrial Designers Industrial designers develop the concepts for manufactured products, such as cars, home appliances, and toys. They combine art, business, and engineering to make products that people use every day. Industrial designers consider the function, aesthetics, production costs, and the usability of products when developing new product concepts. Featured OOH Occupation: Fashion Designers Fashion designers create original clothing, accessories, and footwear. They sketch designs, select fabrics and patterns, and give instructions on how to make the products they designed. Featured OOH Occupation: Floral Designers Floral designers, also called florists, cut and arrange live, dried, and silk flowers and greenery to make decorative displays. They also help customers select flowers, containers, ribbons, and other accessories. Featured OOH Occupation: Graphic Designers Graphic designers create visual concepts, using computer software or by hand, to communicate ideas that inspire, inform, and captivate consumers. They develop the overall layout and production design for various applications such as advertisements, brochures, magazines, and corporate reports. Featured OOH Occupation: Interior Designers Interior designers make interior spaces functional, safe, and beautiful by determining space requirements and selecting decorative items, such as colors, lighting, and materials. They read blueprints and must be aware of building codes and inspection regulations, as well as universal accessibility standards. Featured OOH Occupation: Actors Actors express ideas and portray characters in theater, film, television, and other performing arts media. They interpret a writers script to entertain or inform an audience. Featured OOH Occupation: Producers and Directors Producers and directors create motion pictures, television shows, live theater, commercials, and other performing arts productions. They interpret a writers script to entertain or inform an audience. Featured OOH Occupation: Athletes and Sports Competitors Athletes and sports competitors participate in organized, officiated sporting events to entertain spectators. Featured OOH Occupation: Coaches and Scouts Coaches teach amateur or professional athletes the skills they need to succeed at their sport. Scouts look for new players and evaluate their skills and likelihood for success at the college, amateur, or professional level. Many coaches are also involved in scouting. Featured OOH Occupation: Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials Umpires, referees, and other sports officials preside over competitive athletic or sporting events to help maintain standards of play. They detect infractions and decide penalties according to the rules of the game. Featured OOH Occupation: Dancers and Choreographers Dancers and choreographers use dance performances to express ideas and stories. There are many types of dance, such as ballet, tango, modern dance, tap, and jazz. Featured OOH Occupation: Music Directors and Composers Music directors, also called conductors, lead orchestras and other musical groups during performances and recording sessions. Composers write and arrange original music in a variety of musical styles. Featured OOH Occupation: Musicians and Singers Musicians and singers play instruments or sing for live audiences and in recording studios. Featured OOH Occupation: Announcers Announcers present music, news, and sports and may provide commentary or interview guests about these or other important topics. Some act as masters of ceremonies (emcees) or disc jockeys (DJs) at weddings, parties, or clubs. Featured OOH Occupation: Reporters, Correspondents, and Broadcast News Analysts Reporters, correspondents, and broadcast news analysts inform the public about news and events happening internationally, nationally, and locally. They report the news for newspapers, magazines, websites, television, and radio. Featured OOH Occupation: Editors Editors plan, review, and revise content for publication.